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John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, prose polemicist, and civil servant for the English Commonwealth. Most famed for his epic poem Paradise Lost, Milton is celebrated as well for his eloquent treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica. Long considered the supreme English poet, Milton experienced a dip in popularity after attacks by T.S. Eliot and F.R. Leavis in the mid-twentieth century; but with multiple societies and scholarly journals devoted to his study, Milton’s reputation remains as strong as ever in the twenty-first century. Very soon after his death – and continuing to the present day – Milton became the subject of partisan biographies, confirming T.S. Eliot’s belief that “of no other poet is it so difficult to consider the poetry simply as poetry, without our theological and political dispositions…making unlawful entry.”[1] Milton’s radical, republican politics and heretical religious views, coupled with the perceived artificiality of his complicated Latinate verse, alienated Eliot and other readers; yet by dint of the overriding influence of his poetry and personality on subsequent generations--particularly the Romantic movement--the man whom Samuel Johnson disparaged as “an acrimonious and surly republican” must be counted one of the most significant writers and thinkers of all time望采纳
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John Milton (December 9, 1608 – November 8, 1674) was an English poet, prose polemicist, and civil servant for the English Commonwealth. Most famed for his epic poem Paradise Lost, Milton is celebrated as well for his eloquent treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica. Long considered the supreme English poet, Milton experienced a dip in popularity after attacks by T.S. Eliot and F.R. Leavis in the mid-twentieth century; but with multiple societies and scholarly journals devoted to his study, Milton’s reputation remains as strong as ever in the twenty-first century. Very soon after his death – and continuing to the present day – Milton became the subject of partisan biographies, confirming T.S. Eliot’s belief that “of no other poet is it so difficult to consider the poetry simply as poetry, without our theological and political dispositions…making unlawful entry.”[1] Milton’s radical, republican politics and heretical religious views, coupled with the perceived artificiality of his complicated Latinate verse, alienated Eliot and other readers; yet by dint of the overriding influence of his poetry and personality on subsequent generations--particularly the Romantic movement--the man whom Samuel Johnson disparaged as “an acrimonious and surly republican” must be counted one of the most significant writers and thinkers of all time. 约翰·弥尔顿 （ John Milton,1608～1674）是英国伟大的诗人、资产阶级革命家和政治家。 弥尔顿 1608年12月9日出生在伦敦一个富裕的清教徒家庭，自幼酷爱读书，学习多种文字，自12岁起，每晚读书必至深夜方才就寝。剑桥大学毕业后，他通览了古代和文艺复兴时期的文学，深受人文主义思想的影响。1638年在意大利旅行时会晤了被天主教会囚禁的伽利略。1639年英国国内形势逼人，他终止旅行，提前返国，日益尖锐的斗争，使弥尔顿渐渐卷入革命的浪潮。在后来的20年里（1641～1660），他把年轻时创作史诗的计划搁置在一旁，写了大量政论文章和小册子。 1641年到1642年，弥尔顿写了《反对教会管理的主教制》等五篇政论，指出主教统治造成了腐败，要求民主原则改革国教。这些文章的发表引起了公众对弥尔顿的注意。1644年，他因出版跟他太太离婚的小册子引起国会愤怒，被传至国会出版委员会接受质问，《论出版自由》（APEOPAGITICA,A Speech for The Liberty of Unlicensed Printing）就是他的答辩词。 1649年，查理一世被处决。两周后，弥尔顿发表《论国王与官吏的职权》，引圣经和罗马政治学说为据，指出君主权力来自人民，人民有权废除甚至处死滥用职权的暴君。一个月后，他被聘为共和政府的外交秘书。不久便投入了更激烈的论战。针对保皇派伪造的《神圣君主的偶像》，弥尔顿写了《偶像破坏者》一文加以反击，以消除人们对轼君的恐惧。保皇派接着发表了更富煽动性的《为查理一世声辩》，弥尔顿左眼已进失明，但为捍卫共和体制，毅然撰写了《为英国人民声辩》（1651）和《再为英国人民声辩》（1654），驳斥保皇派的谎言。1660年3月，复辟征兆已十分明显，他发表了最后一篇政论文《建立自由共和政体之简易方式》，再一次表明自己深切痛恨封建专制的态度。 1660年5月，斯图亚特王朝复辟。弥尔顿一度入狱。晚年，他双目失明，过着困顿的生活，但仍矢志不渝，口述了三部光辉诗篇：《失乐园》（1667）、《复乐园》（1671）、《力士参孙
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