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Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade protectionism. As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade barriers. China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic isolationism.Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade disputes. The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade war. During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their currencies. And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist measures.The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and services. In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social problems. More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging markets.Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect trade. It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade rules. This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry protectionism.With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization rules. At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last month.History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first place.To counter the Great Depression, the U.S. adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other countries. Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in 1932. Among the victims, not the least was the U.S. itself, where exports shrank from $5.2 billion in 1929 to $1.2 billion in 1932. Even in the U.S., the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great Depression.Global trade is now in dire straits. Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge contractions. Germany's exports dropped 10.6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since 1990. China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 17.5% decline last month, when compared to the prior year. Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to predict.In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of others. The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this malady. The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly flowing. Healthy international trade can help revive the world economy. During the Great Depression, the U.S. recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned protectionism.Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as well. China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has mounted. Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's problems. In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $1.133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 18.5% increase over the prior year. These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading partners. Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic demand. Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other countries. This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and technology.China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic cooperation. We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already established. China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of prosperity.贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说，全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期，随着全球经济形势恶化，一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑，呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时，一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税，引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时，主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后，全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前，金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域，各国工厂倒闭剧增，失业率上升，政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预，阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施，它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒，到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等，以及产业保护主义，当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样，隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下，即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用，这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上，各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义，承诺在未来一年内，避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会，再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措，不仅会损害对方，最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们，大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机，颁发了《斯姆特－霍利关税法》，大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税，结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机，各国以邻为壑，全球贸易总额大幅缩减，从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元，美国自身也深受其害，出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻：经济危机导致外需衰退，各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑，甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑10.6%，为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长，其中09年1月出口下降了17.5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥，使严峻的形势雪上加霜，造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索，这样的后果世界能否承受，又是否值得承受？危机当头，重要的是各国携手共克时艰，而非互相指责，以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果，解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作，保持国际贸易渠道畅通，才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展，是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政，与贸易保护主义决裂，带领美国经济走出低谷，推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中，中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来，经济增速放缓，出口大幅下滑，就业压力加大。即便如此，中国仍坚定认为，贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下，2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品，增长18.5％，促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来，中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国，中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年，中国将继续扩大进口，积极组织企业采购团，赴海外大规模采购，进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略，倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道，以开放迎接挑战，以合作应对危机，共克时艰，推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。
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1．Trade-related Terms 贸易相关术语A．贸易Foreign Trade 对外贸易Entrepot Trade F。） 转口贸易Home （Domestic）Trade 内贸Coastal Trade 沿海贸易Cross-border Trade 边境贸易Barter Trade 易货贸易Compensation Trade 补偿（互补）贸易Bilateral trade （between China and the US） （中美）双边贸易Multilateral Trade ( Multilaterism ) 多边贸易Trading House/Corporation/Firm/Company 贸易公司Liner Trade 集装箱班轮运输B．合同Contract 合同Active service contracts on file 在备有效服务合同Sales Contract 销售合同Sales Confirmation 销售确认书Agreement 协议Vessel sharing Agreement 共用舱位协议Slot-sharing Agreement 共用箱位协议Slot Exchange Agreement 箱位互换协议Amendment 修正合同Appendix 附录Quota 配额C．服务合同Service Contract as provided in the Shipping Act of 1984， a contract betweena shipper （or a shippers association） and an ocean carrier （or conference）in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenueover a fixed time period，and the ocean common carrier or conference commits to a certain rate or rate schedules as well as a defined service level （such as assured space，transit time，port rotation or similar service features）。The contract may also specify provisions in the event of non-performance on the part of either party 服务合同A service contract is a confidential contract between a VOCC and 1 or more shippers in which the shipper(s) make a cargo commitment, and the carrier makes a rate and service commitment.服务合同是一家有船承运人与一个和多个托运人签订的保密合同，在合同中托运人对货量作出承诺，承运人对运价和服务作出承诺。Only a VOCC (or agreement of VOCCs) may enter into a service contract as carrier. 只有有船承运人（有船承运人协议）可以作为承运人签订服务合同。NVOCCs may enter into service contracts as shippers, but not as carrier.无船承运人可以作为托运人来签订服务合同，但不可以作为承运人签订服务合同。Allows a carrier to lawfully charge a negotiated, non-tariff rate.允许承运人合法地收取已达成协议的，非运价本运价。Allows parties to keep the negotiated rate confidential.允许签约方对已达成协议的运价保密。Today, the vast majority of liner cargo in the U.S. trade moves under confidential service contracts.目前，绝大多数美国航线的班轮货物通过保密的服务合同运输。Must be with qualified shipper(s).必须与合格的托运人签订服务合同。Must include shipper cargo commitment and carrier rate and service commitments.必须包括托运人货量承诺，承运人运价和服务承诺。Must include shipper certification.必须有托运人的身份证明。Must be signed by the carrier and the shipper.必须由承运人和托运人签署。Must be filed with the FMC.必须向FMC登记Electronic filing is permitted.允许电子登记Rates kept confidential - certain “essential terms” published.运价保密 －一些“基本条款”公布Service Contract Form服务合同的格式Term 1 = origin. 条款1 ＝ 启运地Term 2 = destination. 条款2 ＝目的地Term 3 = a list of commodities. 条款3 ＝ 商品类别Term 4 – MQC 条款4 ＝ 最低箱量Term 5 = Service Commitments 条款5 ＝ 服务承诺Term 6 = Rate Schedule 条款5 ＝ 费率表Term 7 - Liquidated Damages Clause 条款7 = 清算损失条款Term 8 – Contract Term 条款8 ＝ 合同期限Term 9A = Legal names of contract parties. 条款9A = 合同方的法定名称Term 9B = Identity of contract signatories. 条款9B ＝ 签字人的身份Term 9C = Date the contract was signed. 条款9C ＝ 合同签字日Other Provisions 其它条款Term 10 = shipper certification. 条款10 ＝ 托运人的身份Term 11 = contract records. 条款11 ＝ 合同记录Term 12 = other provisions (including force 条款12 ＝ 其它条款（包括不可majeure, cancellation, arbitration, and 抗拒力，终止，仲裁和assignment clauses). 转让 条款）Signature Block 签字栏The Shipper Party 托运方Is the Shipper Party qualified? 托运方是否合格？Must be cargo owner, NVOCC, or shipper’s 必须是货主，无船承运人和托运人协会association.Cannot be freight forwarder. 不可以是货运代理人Is the shipper party the party that will use 托运方是否为合同的使用方？the contract?Cannot be agent or affiliate of shipper party. 不可以是托运方的代理和附属公司Exception: Affiliate of BCO may be shipper 特殊情况：如果直接货主的附属party if it will be responsible for the freight. 公司负责运费，其可以是托运方。Must Use Full Legal Name 必须使用法定的全称The full legal name and business address 服务合同中必须显示of the shipper party must appear on the 托运方的法定全称和营业地址。service contract.Should usually include a corporate identifier 通常必须包括公司的标志符(Inc., Ltd., Co.). （Inc., Ltd., Co.）Contract heading, Term 9, and signature 合同的标题，第9条款block should match. 和签字栏必须一致。Affiliates 附属公司Shipper party may list affiliates entitled to use 托运方可以在合同第9条款中the service contract in Section 9. 列入有权使用服务合同的附属公司。An affiliate is a person that controls, is 附属公司是指拥有托运方，controlled by, or is under common control 被托运方拥有或被同一公司拥有的实体。with, the shipper party.The full legal name and business address of 必须包括每一个附属公司each affiliate must be included. 的法定全称和营业地址。Trade names may also be indicated in 除法定全称外，也可列入商号。addition to the full legal name.NVOCCs may not list affiliates. 无船承运人不可列入附属公司。When the Service Contract May be Used 何时可以使用服务合同？A service contract may not be used until the 只有在SECAUCUS办公室Secaucus office notifies the agent that the 通知代理服务合同已经向FMCservice contract has been filed with the FMC. 登记后，服务合同才可以使用。The Secaucus office will issue Daily Filing Notices. SECAUCUS办公室将发出“每日登记通知”。Enforcement of Service Contract Terms 服务合同条款的执行not to deviate from the service contract terms. 不可以偏离服务合同条款。A contract may be amended to reduce MQC or 服务合同可进行修改减少extend the contract term. 最低箱量或延长服务合同If the MQC (as amended, if applicable) is not 如果最低货量没有完成，satisfied, an invoice for liquidated damages 在合同到期后30天内must be issued within 30 days of the end of 发出清算损失发票。the service contract term.Service Contract must be with qualified shipper. 服务合同必须与合格的托运人签订。Shipper Party is person that will use the contract. 托运方为将会使用合同的人。Full name (and trade name, if any) and address of 条款9中必须显示托运方和shipper party and any affiliates entitled to use the 任何有权使用合同的附属公司的contract must appear in Term 9. 全称（和商号，如果有）和营业地址。If contract is with Shipper’s Association, Members 如果与托运人协会签订合同，entitled to use the contract must be listed. 合同中必须列入有权使用合同的成员公司。All parties entitled to use contract must certify status. 所有有权使用合同的各方必须证明其身份。Contract may not be used until filed with the FMC. 在没有向FMC登记前，合同不可以使用。Only shipper party and named affiliates (or listed 只有托运方和指名的附属公司members if SA) may use the contract. （或列入的托运人协会的成员公司）可以使用合同。D．条款Contract Terms （and conditions ） 合同条款Article 条Section 节/项Item 款Stipulation 规定Essential terms 必备（主要）条款Revision 修改Alteration 更改Contract Signatory 合同签署方（人）Merchant 签约方Head-Contractor 总承包商Sub-Contractor 分包商Parties to the contract 合同（协议签约）有关各方E. 买卖方、中介Manufacturer 制造（厂）商Buyer 买方Seller 卖方Broker 中间人/ 掮客（跑街先生）Middle-man 中间人（商）OTI 远洋运输中介公司NVO (NVOCC) Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier 无船承运人NVOCC Services may include but are not limited to： 无船承运人提供的服务包括但不局限于：1） purchasing transportation services from a VOCC and offering 向船舶承运人购买再向such services for resale to other persons 他人转售运输服务2） payment of port to port or multi-modal transportation charges 支付港到港或全程多式联运费用3） entering into affreightment agreements with underlying shippers 与大货主签订运输合同4） issuing bills of lading or equivalent documents 签发提单或相同效用单证5） arranging for inland transportation and paying for inland freight 安排内陆运输，从全程charges on through transportation movements 运费中支付内陆运费6） paying lawful compensation to ocean freight forwarders 向货代支付合理佣金7） leasing containers 负责租用（集装箱）货柜8） entering into arrangements with origin or destination agents 与始发地、目的地代理签 订合作协议，落实运作Any person operating in the US as an NVOCC shall furnish evidence 在美国经营无船承运人of financial responsibility in the amount of USD 75000 必需提供保证金75000美元Ocean Freight Broker 远洋揽货代理（ 船东订舱／营销代理 ）Ocean Freight Broker is an entity 远洋揽货代理系which is engaged by a carrier to secure cargo for such carrier 由船东经营，专事为本公司揽货，and/or offer for sale ocean transportation services 提供远洋运输服务的机构。对外which holds itself out to the public as one who negotiates 负责与收、发货人洽谈运输条款between shipper or consignee and carrier for the purchase， 出售舱位等事宜。sale，conditions and terms of transportation。 An Ocean Freight Broker is not required to be licensed to 远洋揽货代理无需专办经营perform those services。 执照Cargo Forwarding Agent / Cargo Forwarder 货运代理Freight Forwarding / Forwarder 货运代理Ocean Freight Forwarder 远洋货运代理人Freight Forwarding services may include，but are not limited to： 货代服务包括但不局限于：1） ordering cargo to port 安排将货物运送至港区（口）2） preparing and/or processing export declarations 安排出口报关3） booking，arranging for or confirming cargo space 安排订舱，确认舱位4） preparing or processing delivery orders or dock receipts 安排装货单证（场站收据）5） preparing and/or processing ocean bills of lading 安排海运提单6） preparing or processing consular documents or 安排出口单证及arranging for their certification 货物出口相关证书7） arranging for warehouse storage 安排仓库储放8） arranging for cargo insurance 安排货运保险9） clearing shipments in accordance with Government 根据政府有关出口规定export regulations 办理货物出口清关手续10） preparing and/or sending advance notifications of 缮制货运通知单及相关单证shipments or other documents to banks，shippers，or 并按要求分送银行、货主consignees，as required 或收货人11） handling freight or other money advanced by shippers， 安排支付发货人应付海运费or remitting or advancing freight or other money or credit 和其它费用；支付、电汇in connection with the dispatching of shipments 海运费、及运输相关费用12） coordinating the movement of shipments from origin to vessel 协调货物自出运地至船舶的运输13） giving expert advice to exporters concerning letters of credit， 为出口商提供有关信用证、other documents，license or inspections，or on problems 其它单证、执照、检验及about cargoes dispatch。 其与货物出运相关问题的专业咨询服务Any person operating in the US as an Ocean Freight Forwarder 在美国经营货代必需提供shall furnish evidence of financial responsibility in the amount 保证金50000美元of USD 50000。Shipping Agency / Agent 船务代理Supplier / Provider 供方F．公司Head Office （Headquarters） 总公司Board of Directors 董事会Director 董事CEO 首席执行官（总裁）CFO 财务总监Regional Office 区域性公司Local Office 地区公司Affiliate 附属（子）公司Branch Office 分公司Sub-office 支公司Subsidiaries 下属公司Liaison Office 联络处Rep. Office （Representative Office） 代表（办事）处Chief Representative 首席代表Group Company 集团公司Conglomerate 集团公司（企业集团）G．收发货人Shipper SPR 发货人/托运人Shipper may mean : 发货人可以是：1) a cargo owner 货物持有者（真正意义上的货主）2） the person for whose account the ocean transportation is provided 远洋运输费用支付人3） the person to whom delivery is to be made 收货人4） a shippers’ association 货主协会an NVOCC that accepts responsibility for 承担支付运价本费率或服务payment of all charges applicable 合同费用的无船承运人under the tariff or service contract Consolidator A company that consolidates freight owned by various partiesinto one container. 拼箱货发货人Consignor 发货人Consignee 收货人Notify Party 通知方Second Notify Party 第二通知方
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