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根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用, 英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等.其中,主语和谓语是句子的主要成分,一般情况下,一个句子不能缺少这两种成分. 1.主语:表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,置于句首.如: It’s getting cold. 天冷起来了. Now everything is ready. 现在一切都准备好了. The teacher is very kind to us. 老师对我们很好. 2. 谓语:说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征,由动词或动词短语充当,位于主语之后.如: Mother bought me a VCR. 妈给我买了一台录像机. We have finished our work already. 我们已经完成了工作. 3. 表语:表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征,一般由名词、形容词、或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当,位于连系动词之后,与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语.如: Be careful! 小心! He looks very angry. 他看上去很生气. His job is looking after sheep. 他的任务是看羊. 4. 宾语:指动作所涉及的人或事物,一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当,位于动词之后.如: He wrote many plays. 他写了许多剧本. She loves swimming. 她喜欢游泳. 5. 宾语补足语:用来对宾语进行补充和说明,一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当.如: He told us to stay. 他叫我们留下. I’ve never seen her dancing. 我从未看见过她跳舞. I found it difficult to refuse him. 我感到很难拒绝他. 6. 定语:对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明,一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当,位置可在所修饰的词之前,也可在所修饰的词之后(详见形容词一章).如: It’s an interesting story. 那是一个有趣的故事. Do you have time to help us? 你有时间帮助我们吗? Who is the woman being operated on? 正在动手术的女人是谁? 7. 状语:用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等,一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当.如: We like English very much. 我们非常喜欢英语. Her uncle lives in Canada. 她叔叔住在加拿大. She was lying in bed reading. 她躺在床上看书. United we stand, divided we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡. 8. 同位语:若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物,并且,句法功能也一样,那么,后一项称为前一项的同位语.如: This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利. We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习. 9.独立成分:与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系,如插入语、感叹语、呼语等,一般用逗号将它与句子隔开.如: He’s a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人. Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪,考试他竟然通过了. 注:后两种初中不要求掌握 句子有这几大类 : 主谓 主谓宾 主谓宾宾补 主谓间接宾语直接宾语 主系表 这是基本的东西,先搞清楚后再搞其他高级的部分 第十五章 句子的结构 英语的句子,与汉语句子类似,按照语法结构也可分为三类,即简单句,并列句和复合句.那么有关这三种句型的详细信息,请看下面的讲解. 一、简单句 简单句只包含一个主谓结构,并且各个结构都是由单词或短语组成,不包含任何从句.简单句有五种基本句型. 1.主语+谓语(不及物动词) The new term begins. 新学期开始了. 2.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语 The girl is learning to play the piano. 这个女孩在学弹钢琴. 3.主语+连系动词+表语 Susan is a student. 苏珊是个学生. 4.主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语 He bought her a watch. 他给她买了一块表. 5. 主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补语 We all believed you honest. 我们都认为你是诚实的. 二、并列句(简单句+连词+简单句) 并列句是由两个或多个简单句连接而成的.其中的各个简单句并列平行,同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,能够独立成句.它们之间要用连词连接. 并列句可分为四种: 1.表示相同关系 用连词或逗号、分号连接构成并列句.常用连词有:and, notonly...but also..., neither...nor... Her father is a teacher and her mother is a doctor. 她的父亲是老师,母亲是医生. Susan not only runs fast, but also jumps high. 苏姗不但跑得快,而且跳得高. I could neither swim nor skate. 我既不会游泳,也不会滑冰. I wouldn't see this film , it's boring. 我不想看这个电影,它令人心烦. 2.表示转折关系 常用连词有:but, still, yet,while, when等. It was late at night, but he went on doing his homework. 夜已深了,但是他还在继续做作业. She was busy cooking while they were watching TV. 她忙着做饭,而他们却在看电视. The film is not perfect, still, it's good. 这部影片虽然不是无可挑剔,但还是好的. 3.表示选择关系 常用连词为:or, either...or. Would you have tea or coffee? 你是喝茶还是咖啡? The teacher wanted to see either his father or mother. 老师要见一下他的父亲或是母亲. Either this road or that on e can lead you to that hospital. 这条路或那条路都通往那家医院. 4.表示因果关系 常用连词有for和so. She soon fell asleep, for she was too tired. 她很快就睡着了,因为她太累了. We hurried to the railway station, for there was little time for the train toleave. 我们急忙赶往车站,因为火车很快就要开了. It was raining harder and harder, so we had to stay at home. 雨下得越来越大,所以我们只得呆在家里. The teacher asked Susan to go, so she went. 老师让苏姗到她那去,因此她就去了. 注意:1、. 在”祈使句+and/or+陈述句”结构中,当前后两部分间为承接关系时,用and;前后意思为相反关系时,用or.可将前面的祈使句转换成由if引导的条件状语从句,但必须将and 或or 去掉. 如: Hurry up, and we’ll be there in time.= If wehurry up, we’ll be there in time. 2. because和so; although, though和but不能连用 (二)并列连词和连接性副词的区别 引导并列结构的并列连词有and, or, but, so, for, nor等,并列连词包括关联连词both…and, either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also, as well as, as much as等.并列连词也包括连接性副词,如however, hence, therefore, besides, moreover, yet, anyway, consequently, still, nevertheless, all the same等.但并列连词和连接性副词存在着如下的区别: 1. 位置上的区别 连接两个独立的分句时,并列连词的位置只能放在它所引导的分句句首,前面通常有逗号: Lopez left For Woodside(美新译西州一城市)the day before yesterday, and he won't be back till the end of the month. I must work harder, for I still have a long way to go. Pay him back, or he will bring a suit against you. (快还他钱,不然他要向你起诉.)They all went, but I didn't(go). 连接性副词的位置较灵活,既可放在句首,也可位于句中或句末、但以置于句首居多: Father is ill; therefore ,he doesn't go to work today. 置于句首 Father is ill; he, therefore, doesn't go to work today. 置于句首 Father is ill; he doesn't go work today, therefore. 置于句末 2. 用法的区别 两个并列连词不可以连用: Oscar and I go to the club every Saturday evening, and but we play bridge there. (根据句意,应把but划掉.) 但并列连词却可以和连接性副词连用: He is not in favor of the plan, and yet he raised no objection. 三、复合句(主句+连词+从句) 包含一个主句,一个或一个以上的从句的句子叫复合句.从句从属于主句并充当主句的某一成分,如主语,表语,宾语,定语,状语等. (一)、引导名词性从句的连接词 分类 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词(5个):that(宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略) whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性) as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”) 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever,whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 不可省略的连词: 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略. That she waschosen made us very happy. We heard the newsthat our team had won. 比较 whether与if 均为"是否"的意思.但在下列情况下,只可用whether: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 常与 "or not" 连用;if 则不可. 5. 引导同位语从句 Whether he willcome is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语. It is notimportant who will go. It is still unknown which teamwill win the match. 1.主语从句 主语从句就是从句作主语.它可作谓语动词的主语,也可作分词的主语.主语从句有三种: (1)由that引导: It is impolite( that you talked so loud inthe restaurant)---指代it的内容 你们在餐馆那么大声音说话是极不礼貌的. It is a great surprise that she won the champion. 她得了冠军,真是令人惊异. (2)由what, whatever和whoever等代词引导: What she said just now is correct. 她刚才说的话很对. What caused the air disaster is under the investigation. 究竟是什么导致了这次空难,正在调查. Whatever you have seen must be kept in your mind. 不管你看到什么,都要记在心里. Whoever breaks the world record will get one million yuan as an a ward. 任何打破世界纪录的人将得到一百万元奖金. (3)由连接副词whether, how, when,why, where引导: When the sports meet will be held isn'tdecided. 什么时候开运动会还没有定下来. Whether she can pass the exam is not sure. 她是否能够通过考试还没有把握. How he arrived there is unknown to anybody. 他是如何到达那里的,没有人知道. Why the fire broke out here in the workshop remains a mystery. 车间这里为什么会发生火灾仍是个谜. 注意:当主语从句过长而谓语较短时,通常用代词it作形式主语,而把从句放在句尾. It remains a mystery that the air disaster took place that day. 那天发生的空难仍然是个谜. It is uncertain whether we'll attend the meeting or not . 我们是否参加那个会议还没有确定. 2.宾语从句 这类从句常是这种结构:主句+引导句+从句,从句中始终用陈述语序. (1)由that引导(通常that可以省略) She is very sure that she can work out the problem. 她确信她能解出这道题. She told me that she could finish it herself. 她跟我说她可以自己完成这件工作. (2)由what, who, which等关系代词引导 We don't understand what you said just now. 我们不明白你刚才说的话. Tell me which you want? 告诉我你要哪一个? Do you know who is the man over there? 你知道那边那个人是谁吗? (3)由how, when, why, where引导宾语从句 They wanted to know when the building would be set up. 他们想要知道这座楼房何时建成. Will you please tell me how I can get to the park? 请告诉我怎么走才能到公园好吗? I wonder where she is now. 我想知道她现在在哪儿? I don't know why you dislike physics. 我不知道为什么你讨厌物理. (4)一些形容词之后所接的句子也是宾语从句.这些形容词有:glad, sorry, sure , afraid,worried, angry, aware, confident等. I'm glad that you've helped me a lot. 很高兴你给我这么大的帮助. We are confident that we can beat them. 我们有信心打败他们. The father was angry that his son failed to pass the maths exam. 这位父亲对他的儿子数学不及格很恼火. I'm not sure if she has finished the painting. 我不清楚她是否完成了那幅作品. 注意:当宾语从句过长时,可用it作形式宾语而将从句放在句子后面. She thought it pity that I had missed the chance. 她认为我错过了那个机会非常可惜. I found it very easy that I worked out the problem . 我觉得很容易地就做出了这道难题. The manager made it clear that your idea was impossible . 经理已明白地指出你的想法不能实现. 3.定语从句 以从句的形式修饰或限定主句中的名词、代词、短语等的句子,叫作定语从句. 定语从句通常用关系词(关系代词和关系副词)把它与主句连接起来.它在句中所修饰和限定的词或短语称为先行词. 引导定语从句的关系代词有:who(指人,在从句中作主语或宾语),whom(指人,作宾语) ,whose(指人,作定语),that(可指人或物),which(指物). 引导定语从句的关系副词有:when(指时间),where(指地点),why(指原因).这些关系副词相当于(介词+which).例如: when=in(on,at,during)+which where=in(at,to)+which why=for which (1)关系代词在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语;关系副词在从句中作状语. 作主语:Thewoman who is talking to the teacher is her mother. 正在跟老师说话的那个女人是她的母亲. The boy who played the piano on the stage yesterday is Mr. Li's s on. 昨天在台上弹钢琴的那个男孩儿是李先生的儿子. 作表语:Chaplinwas a great actor whose name is well known all over the world. 卓别林是一位闻名于全世界的伟大的演员. 作宾语:Do you know the man whose sonis your schoolmate? 你认识那个他的儿子是你同学的男人吗? 作宾语:Iam looking for the bike (that) I put here yesterday.) 我正在找昨天我放在这里的自行车. These are the reference books (that) I bought for you yesterday. 这些是我昨天给你买的参考书. 作状语: 指时间: Jack wasted much time on those days when he was in the middle school. 杰克上中学的时候,浪费了许多时光. It was in 1937 when Japanese soldiers broke into the city Beiping. 日本鬼子闯入北平城是在一九三七年. 指地点: This is the place where the composer Beethoven was born. 这就是作曲家贝多芬出生的地方. Have you been to the seaside where we can enjoy swimming? 你去过那处我们可以尽情游泳的海滨吗? 指原因: Do you know (the reason) why she was so sad? 你知道她为什么这样伤心吗? Who can tell me why it's so unfair? 谁能告诉我为什么老天爷如此不公平? That's(the reason)why he was absent. 这就是他缺席的原因. 注意:①当先行词被first,last这类词或最高级修饰时,一律都用that而不用which或who (不管先行词是指人还是物). This is the most beautiful picture that Ihave ever seen! 这是我所看见过的最美的画! I'm the only one that you can rely on. 我是你唯一能够依靠的人. ②当先行词为all,no,any,only,little,much,something,anything,nothing,everything等不定代词的时候,必须用that作引导词引导定语从句. There is nothing that she can say to you. 她对你没有什么话可说. She is not interested in anything (that) he has told her. 她对他告诉她的任何事情都不感兴趣. (2)介词前置的定语从句关系代词which和whom还可以作介词的宾语,这时要把介词放在整个定语从句的前面. Is this the school in which you studies? (in which=where) 这是你上学的学校吗? The man on whom the whole family rely died in a traffic accident yesterday. 那个全家人依靠的顶梁柱昨天死于一场交通事故. 关系代词that和关系副词when,where等都不能作介词的宾语. The house in which they are living was built 50 years ago. 他们现在正居住的房子是50年以前建的.(不能说:Thehouse in that they are living w as built 50 years ago.)

英语句子成分关系

159 评论(13)

百拜嘟嘟

你好,一个句子里面首先要描述的对象,我们把它称之为主语,描述的对象上面她要做什么的?那个动作我们称之为谓语,接下来动作所能够承受的对象叫做宾语,后面的这个句子里面要接的时间地点就是状语

338 评论(8)

DP某某某

英语句子八大成分

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篇一:英语中的句子成分

主语是句子叙述的主体,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词和主语从句等来承担。 谓语说明主语所发出的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语由动词来承担。

宾语是动作的对象或承受者,常位于及物动词或介词后面。宾语可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等来担任。

定语是句子中修饰名词,代词或其它名词化的词。

状语是修饰动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、分句以至句子的成分。状语根据语义可分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结构状语、程度状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、方面状语、伴随状语和句子状语。

定语则属于短语内部修饰名词的成分,与名词或相当于名词词类的中心词构成名词短语,有前置定语和后置定语之分。名词短语、形容词短语、动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词和定语从句都可以充当定语。

补语是述补结构中补充说明述语的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。

补语与述语之间是补充与被补充、说明与被说明的关系。

表语表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于连系动词(be, become, appear, seem,look,sound,feel,get,smell等词)之后

He hit me in the face.

he是主语,hit是谓语,me是宾语

He is a happy boy.happy是定语

I found nobody was there when I got home. When i got home是时间状语(此外还有地点状语,原因状语,目的状语,条件状语等)

I found him dead. dead是宾补

He was found dead.dead做主补

I am happy. am是系动词,happy是表语。

英语句型结构

一.简单句:

英语基本句型-1

主系表结构:本结构是由“主语+系动词+表语”组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。 系动词有:

1.表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;

2.表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;

3.表示状态变化的become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;

eg: Our English teacher is thirty years old.

The cake tastes delicious.

The potatoes went bad in the fields.

Deep water stays still.

He was at work.

She is in good health.

It is beyond my ability.

I was at a loss.

You are under arrest.

英语基本句型-2

主谓结构: 本结构是由“主语加不及物的谓语动词”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。

如:The sun rises.

Tom has already left.

主语可有修饰语-定语,谓语可有修饰语-状语。

如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.

2. They had to travel by air or boat.

3. She sat there alone.

4. He came back when we were eating.

5. Weak buildings will fall down in an earthquake。

英语基本句型-3

主谓宾结构: 本结构是由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语”构成。宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。 如:1. Tom made a hole in the wall.

2. I don’t know if he can come tomorrow.

3. They haven’t decided where to go next.

4. She stopped teaching English two years ago.

英语基本句型-4

双宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(事物)”组成。如: He brings me cookies every day.

但若要先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词to或for。如: He brings cookies to me every day.

She made a beautiful dress for me.

用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。

用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。

常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等;

(需借助for 的) buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。

英语基本句型-5

复合宾语结构: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语补足语用来补充和说明宾语的性质和特点,若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。

如: The sun keeps us warm.

I heard him singing.

They made Tom monitor.

He used to do his homework with his radio on.

My mother asked me to clean my room.

The teacher made all students finish their homework on time.

用 it 做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式。即:主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如:

I found it very pleasant to be with your family.

也可以说 I found it was pleasant to be with your family. 它们的区别在于第一个是简单句第二个是复合句,意思都是一样的。

英语基本句型-6

There be 句型: 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“??有??”。 它其实是全倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词 be 之后,there 仅为引导词,并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词,而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等,但一般不用have。如: There stands a hill in the middle of the park.

Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.

Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致,有时态和情态变化。如:

现在有 there is/are ?

过去有 there was/were?

将来有 there will be?;there is /are going to be...

现在已经有 there has/have been?

可能有 there might be...

肯定有 there must be ?/there must have been...

过去曾经有 there used to be ?

似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be ?

碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be ?

Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.

The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon.

There used to be a cinema here before the war.

二.并列句。

结构:

1.由分号连接。

eg. Some people cry; others laugh.

Let’s start early; we have a long way to go.

2.由并列连词及词组连接-——and/ but /or/ so / however / still/ therefore /yet /while /otherwise /for /both?and?/not only?but also?/as well as/

or else/ either?or?/neither?nor?/not?but?等。

eg: I’d like to, but I have lots of homework to do.

I’ve got a cold, so I’m going to bed.

Both my father and mother are teachers.

It’s very good, yet I don’t like it.

三、复合句

构成:由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构,但主句是全局的主体,从句只是全句中的一个成分,不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的,引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。

分类:名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句),形容词性从

句(定语从句),副词性从句(状语从句)。

篇二:英语句子中的组成成分

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。英语句子成分有主语,谓语,表语,宾语,宾语补足语,定语,状语等。

顺序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要根据情况而定。

1、主语

主语表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般由名词,代词,数词,不定式等充当。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜欢看电视。

2、谓语

谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特征。

一般可分为两类:

1),简单谓语

由动词(或短语动词)构成。

可以有不同的时态,语态和语气。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我们为人民学习。

2),复合谓语:情态动词+不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以说一点英语。

3、表语

表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是护士。

4、宾语

宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。 WelikeEng'lish.我们喜欢英语。

有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。 Hegavemesom'eink.他给了我一点墨水。

有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。如: Wemakehimourmon'itor.我们选他当班长。

5、定语

在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语。

用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是个新生。

但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,则放在被修饰的词之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房间里的自行车是我的。

6、状语

修饰动词,形容词,副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语。用作状语的通常是副词,介词短语,不定式和从句等。状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。 HelivesinLon'don.他住在伦敦。

7.补语

用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作,因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说:我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说:我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这是的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为:形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等。

8.宾补

就是宾语补足语,就是补充说明宾语的

例:I know you are student good at maths

在这个句子中,good at maths 就是补语。

宾语补语也可以是句子,所以这个句子也可以是:

I know you are student who is good at maths

还可以是-ing 形式

I see you crossing the street

简单说就是补充和说明主语和宾语的成分.因此,就出现了主语补足语和宾语补足语.上面两位举的例子都不错.只是热雪冰冷的宾补的句子例子不是很恰当哦.他的例子是定语从句 啊 还有 主语补足语可以是表语 例如:Tom is a student.student是对Tom的解释与说明. 另外,Tom was seen playing on the playground.这个句子中playing是对Tom的解释说明 是主补

定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。状语从句分为时间状语从句,结果状语从句,让步状语从句,原因状语从句,条件状语从句以及行为方式状语从句。名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句及there be句型。

一、 限定性定语从句

1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置

2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句

6. when引导定语从句表示时间

〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.

I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.

7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格

8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导

二、非限定性定语从句 :非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明,通常和主句间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立

1. which引导的`非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分

2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which

Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。

I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。

We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。

3. 有时as也可用作关系代词

4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物

状语从句

1状语从句的种类

用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:

1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)

2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)

3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)

4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)

5.目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)

6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)

7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)

8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)

9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)

10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)

2状语从句的时态特点

一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如:

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)

As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)

二 时间状语从句

3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)

1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:

When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。

When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!

Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。

Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。

You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。

Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。

【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:

When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)

We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。

While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)

As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:

We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)

2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:

It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。

Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。

My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。

They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。

After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。

After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。

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sofa上的猫

(一)词类相互间的关系。 1.形容词、数词通常修饰名词(有时名词也可以修饰另外一个名词),形容词还可修饰代词。例如: 1)The three tall and strong men are all basket- (定语) (主) (谓) (定语) ball players.(主系表结构) (表语) 数词three和形容词tall , strong修饰名词men; 名词basketball修饰名词players. 2)The writer often writes something interesting (主) (壮) (谓) (宾) (定) about children. (主胃宾结构) (定) 形容词interesting修饰不定代词something 2.副词常修饰动词、形容词和其他副词。例如: (副词well修饰plays,副词quite修饰另一副词well.) (副词very修饰形容词interesting) 以上的'名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词、副词称为实词,可以在句中单独做一定的成分。 3.冠词、介词、连词称为虚词,在句中不能单独构成句子成分。冠词只能用于名词前;介词与它后面的名词或代词构成介词短语,才能作一定的成分(定语、状语和表语)。例如: (介词短语of Class Two作定语,修饰the League members. 介词短语in the school yard作地点状语,修饰are having)

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