英语的动词不定式

英语动词不定式有动词特征和非动词特征,这些特征在汉语句式中得到充分体现,本文探讨动词不定式与汉语句式之间的对应关系,提示语法句式组合的规律与法则与人们的思维方式有一定的关系。那么英语什么是动词不定式呢？下面是我整理的英语什么是动词不定式，欢迎阅读。

在语法中，动词不定式是指动词的一种不带词形变化从而不指示人称、数量、时态的形式。它之所以被叫做不定式，是因为动词不被限定，或者说不被词形变化所局限。不定式属于非谓语动词。

然而在一些语言里(例如葡萄牙语)，存在着受时态、人称和数量影响的不定式形态。亦有些语言完全没有不定式，例如阿拉伯语、保加利亚语和现代希腊语。

在外语学习的课程中，动词不定式的一般现在时被称作“词典用词”，因为它一般被用作词典中该动词的词头。

动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。

动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语。

动词不定式构成：to+ do(动词原形)

否定式：not to+do 动词原形

动词不定式特点：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能独立作谓语。可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语.

一. 带to的不定式结构

1. 我们学过的能直接跟带to的不定式结构的动词主要有：want, ask, tell, hope, learn, try, decide, forget, remember, like , love, stop, go, come等。

二. 不带to的不定式结构

以下几种情况使用不带to的动词不定式：

1. 在固定词组had better之后。注意：had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.。 例如：You had better go home now. 你最好现在回家。

It's cold outside. You’d better not go out. 外面很冷，你最好不要出去。

2. 在let, make, see, feel, watch, hear等感官或使役动词后，要跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。

例如：I made them give me the money back. 我迫使他们把钱还给我。

I didn’t see you come in. 我没看见你进来。

3. 在引导疑问句的why not之后。

“Why not+不带to的不定式”是“Why don’t you do…”的省略，可以用来提出建议或劝告。 例如: Why not go with us? 为什么不和我们一起去呢?

Why not take a holiday? =Why don’t you take a holiday? 为什么不休假呢?

三.动词不定式的句法功能：

(一)作主语

不定式结构作主语时，现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语，而把不定式结构后置的形式。 e.g. It’s easy (for me) to do that.

我做这事太容易了。

It’s so nice to hear your voice.

听到你的声音真高兴。

It’s necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.

当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。

It’s very kind of you to help us. 承蒙惠助，不胜感激。

(二) 作宾语

在下列动词后用不定式作宾语：

afford; agree; ask; decide; want; expect; hope; fail; happen; help; learn;

mean; manage; offer; plan; promise; refuse; wish; forget; remember…

e.g. The driver failed to see the other car in time.

司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

It is raining hard. Jack is holding a newspaper over his head.

He forgot to take an umbrella.

雨下得很大。Jack头上顶着一张报纸。他忘记带伞了。

(三) 作宾语补足语

动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点，学习时要注意以下三种情况：

1. 作动词ask, like, tell等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to不可以省略。 e.g. He asked me to talk about English study. 他请我谈谈英语学习的问题。

2. 作使役动词let, have, make以及感官动词feel, hear, see, watch等的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to要省略。

e.g. The teacher made him say the word like this. 老师让他像这样说这个单词。

3. 作动词help的宾语补足语时，动词不定式符号to可以带，也可以不带。

e.g. Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box? 你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?

(四) 作定语

不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面。

e.g. After he finished college, he had a lot of jobs to choose.

大学毕业之后，他有许多工作可选。

I have nothing to say on this question.

对这个问题我无可奉告。

He has something important to tell her.

他有重要的事情要告诉她。

(五) 作状语

动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性，可在句中用作状语。

1. 放在句首也可以放在句尾表示目的等。

e.g. He stopped to have a rest. 他停下来休息。

2. 跟在作表语的形容词或过去分词的后面。

e.g. I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这事我感到很难过。

3. 用在too...to...结构中。

e.g. He is too young to understand it. 他太年轻，理解不了这件事。

一、结构：to+动词原形 (not +to+vt, 疑问词+to+vt)

二、功能：主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语或单独使用。

三、特征：保留动词的某些特性，可以有自己的宾语、状语等构成不定式短语。

四、时态和语态

主动语态 被动语态

一般式 to do to be done

进行式

完成式 to be doing 无 to have done to have been done

They pretended not to see us.(一般式表示与谓语的动作同时/发生在它之后.)

He pretended to be sleeping.(在谓语动词发生的同时,不定式的动作也正在进行)

She pretended to have known it before.(完成式表示动作发生在谓语动作之前)

Do let your mother know all the truth. She appears_____ everything. ( 01年高考)

A. to tell B. to be told

C. to be telling D. to have been told

He is considered ____ the first computer.(MET93 34)

A. to invent B. inventing

C. to have invented D. having invented

五、用法

1、作主语

1) 用it作形式主语。(带疑问词的不定式不能用形式主语代替)

2)不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，由for或of引出，加在不定式短语前面。

下列形容词做表语时，不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出：

careless粗心的，clever聪明的，cruel残忍的，foolish愚蠢的，good好的，kind好心的 ，naughty淘气的，nice好的，polite礼貌的，right正确的，rude无礼的 ，silly愚蠢的，stupid傻的，unwise不明智的，wise明智的，wrong错误的

这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。“It is + 形容词 +of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何，可以改写为：“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。

注意：It is difficult for me to learn English. 更强调学英语很难，不能写成

I am difficult to learn English. (这句话含有逻辑错误。)

3)动词不定式作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。

As young adults, it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge. It was necessary to talk with his mother.

How to make requests politely is important.(不用it)

2、作表语

动词不定式作表语，常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。如：

1.The best way to improve your English is to join an English club.

2.The first thing is to greet the teacher.

3、作宾语

1)可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有：

要求选择同意(ask, choose, agree)，期望决定学习(expect, hope, decide, learn)，宁可假装知道(prefer, pretend, know)，希望想要愿意(wish, want, would like / love) We decided to talk to some students about why they go there.

He prefers to eat white bread and rice.

Id love to visit Mexico.

2)feel, find, make, think等动词后有不定式作宾语且又带宾补时，要用it作形式宾语代替真正的宾语——动词不定式

I find it difficult to remember everything.

3)不定式与动名词作宾语的区别

A不定式作宾语表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程，ving形式表习惯性的连续动作、习惯性的动作。

1)Then I started to watch English-language TV.

2)I like to eat vegetables.

B接不定式或动名词作宾语意思不同的7个动词

(1) remember to do sth. 记住要做某事

remember doing sth. 记住曾做过某事

(2) forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事

forget doing sth. 忘记曾做过某事

(3) regret to do sth. 后悔(遗憾)要做某事

regret doing sth. 后悔(遗憾)曾做过某事

(4) try to do sth. 设法要做某事

try doing sth. 做某事试试看有何效果

(5) mean to do sth. 打算做某事

mean doing sth. 意味着做某事

(6) can’t help to do sth. 不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事

(7) go on to do sth. 做完某事后接着做另一事

go on doing sth. 继续做一直在做的事

(8)stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事(目的状语)

stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事，。

When I left home, I had forgotten to bring it with me.

I stopped using them last year.

3、作补语

1) 带to的不定式作补语的动词主要有：要求允许提议(ask, allow, permit, advise)，期望邀请鼓励(expect, suppose, invite, encourage)，教导告诉想要(teach, tell, want)，等待希望愿意(wait for, wish, would like / love)。如：

I'd invite her to have dinner at my house.

Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.

2)不带to不定式作补语，多数动词是感官动词和使役动词，包括五“看”：look at, observe, see, watch，notice三“让”：have, let, make，二“听”：hear, listen to，一“感觉”：feel。另外find如：

Your word makes me feel happy!

we want to see Liu Yu achieve his dreams.

但在被动语态句里带to如：

He was seen to smoke here.

He was found to steal in the shop.

3)有些动词如： permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider 后接不定式作宾补，接动名词作宾语即V + sb to do sth & V + doing sth

e.g. ：

The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late.(建议)

Please permit me to introduce myself to you first.允许

You surely can't consider him to be a selfish man.认为

My parents forbid me to stay out after mid-night.禁止

I allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.让

advise/permit/allow/admit/forbid/consider doing sth.

The little boy admitted having broken the glass.承认

They shouldn't allow parking in the street ; it's too narrow.允许

I forbid smoking in my house.禁止

We do not permit smoking in the office.允许

4、作定语

1) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：

A不定式表将来：

I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.

B用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词。如：

He was the best man to do the job.

He was always the first to come and the last to leave.

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats.

C 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时，常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等。如：

Do you have the ability to read and write English ?

I have a chance to go sight –seeing.

2) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。如：

The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

There is nothing to worry about.

Please give me a knife to cut with.

I need a piece of paper to write on. 我需要一张写字用的纸。

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place 或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。

如：He had no money and no place to live (in).

We found a way to solve this problem (in).

2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：

Have you anything to send ? 你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”) Have you anything to be sent ? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?

5、作状语

1)目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调。如：

I study hard to improve my English.

A group of young people got together to(in order to / so as to) discuss this question. so as to do一般不置于句首，还可以引导结果状语从句

2)原因状语，多见于“sb.+be+adj.+to do...”结构句中。如：

I feel very lucky to have the gift.

He had run out of money to buy old bikes.

3)结果状语，多见于“too...to”，“enough to...”结构句中。如：

Then I’m too tired to do well. What should I do?

The room needs to be big enough for three people to live in.

6、不定式主动表被动

1)在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。

(1)have(give, show, find )sth. to do

在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。

例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:

Have you anything to do this afternoon? 今天下午你有事要做吗? (to do是由you发出的)

Have you anything to be taken to your parents? 你有要带给你父母的东西吗? (谁带不得而知) Please get me something to read. 请给我弄点读的材料。

(2)It(This, That)+be+a/an+adj. + n. +to do

在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。 例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。

question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。再如:

It is an easy sentence to translate. 这个句子很容易翻译。

(3)There +be +n. +to do

在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。

例如:没有时间可以耽误。可译成:There is no time to lose(to be lost). 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁 lost time不明确。

但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:

a. There is nothing to do now. (=We have nothing to do now. )现在没事干。

b. There is nothing to be done. (=We can do nothing now. )现在没办法了。

a. There is nothing to see. (nothing worth seeing)没有东西值得看。

b. There is nothing to be seen. (nothing there at all)看不见什么东西。

2)在某些“形容词+不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:

(1)n. +be+adj. +to do

The job is very easy to do. 这工作很容易做。

(2)n. +be+too+adj. +to do

The thing is too small to see. 这东西太小看不见。

(3)n. +be +adj. +enough to do

The book is cheap enough to buy. 这本书很便宜可以买。

3)某些动词, 如to let, to blame (责备), to seek(寻找)用主动式表被动意义。

例如:

The house is to let. 这房子要出租。

Who is to blame for it? 这得怪谁?