孩子的笑
为了在不久的将来，成为一名会英语的研究生，我们从现在就开始看英语作文积累词汇。下面是我给大家整理的研究生英语作文范文，供大家参阅!
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
全文翻译：
睡眠的进化
睡眠是古老的。 从脑电图上看，我们人类和所有灵长目动物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠;甚至爬行类动物也有睡眠。 有证据显示，有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。 从统计上看，食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠，而被捕食动物更多地无梦睡眠。
动物在有梦睡眠时，被有效地解除动作能力， 并且对外界刺激缺乏反应。 无梦睡眠则要浅得多。 我们都看到过猫和狗在显然的酣睡中， 有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。 被捕食动物很少有深度的有梦睡眠，这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。
而且这一点是有道理的：当睡眠高度进化以后，愚笨的动物比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。
但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状 态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极少，这一事实可以给睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的线索。 海洋中是没有藏身之处的。 会不会是这样，睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性，反而是减少了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。 可以想像得出，在危险的时刻，那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 持安静的动物，会不由自主地变得动弹不得。 这一点在食肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。 这是一个很有意思的看法，它至少部分是正确的。
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.
Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born,
not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
全文翻译：美国革命的历史意义
历史的进程是如此错综复杂，人类行为的动机是如此令人费解，以至于想把那些时间跨度大，涉及人数多，空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。 然而以托马斯·杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。
在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式，而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活 方式。 美国独立战争成为联结 17 世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18 世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。 历史的行程需要跨越大西洋，这看起来似乎有些奇怪，但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。
这里，反对"暴政"的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更多自由的宪法，还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这 个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有了美国，第一次一个国家的诞生不是发生在历史模糊的过去，而是在全世界人们的眼前。
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.
Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
全文翻译：儿童的数学能力
人似乎生来就会计算。 孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然，很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。
孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久，就能以令人惊叹的准确布置桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉子。 很快地，他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。 没有多 久，他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。
如此这般地掌握了加法之后，他 们又转向减法。 有一种设想几乎顺理成章，那就是，即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛上，七年后返回世间，也能直接上小学二年级的数学课，而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然，事实并没有这么简单。
本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的日常学习的微妙形式。 他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的 过程，或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。 他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。 比如： 孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时，水的数量没有 变化。 心理学家们而后又展示一个例子， 即：让孩子们数一堆铅笔时，他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目，但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。 此类研究表明：数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。
他们还表示抽象的数字概念，如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识，远远不是天生就具备的。
33人见人爱
大作文Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments。You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)(图略)文化“火锅”：既美味又营养文字说明：佛、解构、人本、功夫、毕升、儒、礼、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等真题解析2010年考研英语(一)大作文再次考察图画作文，这已是考研写作第十二次考查图画作文这种题型，广大考生应该不会陌生。图中的火锅里，五味杂陈着诸多多元文化元素，大致可分为三类：一是古今名人，包括中国古代的印刷术发明者毕升，现代作家老舍，16世纪英国作家莎士比亚，现代物理学泰斗爱因斯坦；二是哲学概念，涵盖中国古代的儒、佛、道、仁、礼，西方的启蒙、人本、后现代与解构；以及京剧、功夫、天鹅湖等中外表演艺术。文字说明显示：文化“火锅”，既美味又营养。显而易见，本文的主题是多元文化融合这一正面观点。2002年考研写作题目即“文化——民族与世界”，八年之后，考研写作再次考查文化交流这一话题。如果大家参加过新东方的培训，我们的写作培训教材34页和35页分别提供了2002年教育部公布的当年写作状元与榜眼：20分和18分的高分作文，其中诸多表达均可用于2010年写作。我的强化班和基础班写作讲义也提供了一篇2002年范文，第二、第三两段今年完全可以使用。拙著《2010考研英语高分写作》一书166至170页详细讲解了2002年真题，并详尽分析了三篇经典范文，考生均可使用。只要平时认真准备，将范文背诵得滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，考场上应有喜出望外之感。本文提纲与2008、2009年提纲完全一致，第一段为图画描述，应将图画描述一至二句，最好能够写出图中的一些术语，多多益善，展示自己的词汇基本功，末句可点出图画文字说明。第二段为意义阐释段，最好首句点出图画的象征寓意：多元文化融合，其次使用因果、举例、正反或联系现实等多种手段进行充分论证。第三段为归纳结论，可以提出自己的观点，并给出结论或建议。只要考生语言精彩(正确+变化)、结构严谨、论证充分，即可取得理想成绩。参考范文As is symbolically illustrated in the portrayal, there is a boiling hotpot containing various ingredients of multi-cultures. These pluralistic cultures can be categorized as celebrities home and abroad as Bi Sheng, Lao She, Shakespeare and Einstein, philosophical concepts as Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, benevolence, rite, humanism, enlightenment, post-modernism and deconstruction, as well as performing arts as Peking Opera, Kong fu and Swan Lake. We are informed that the culture “hotpot” is both delicious and nutritious。The purpose of the cartoonist is to show us that instead of being outdated and of little value in a rapidly modernizing world, cultural blending should be encouraged and maintained. On the one hand, mosaic cultures are part of the universal heritage of humanity and they are powerful means of bringing together diverse peoples and social groups. Consequently, cultural reintegration has become indispensable as a means of promoting further culture development and maintenance. On the other hand, for China, as for any other rapidly developing country, there is a danger that age-old customs and traditions may become lost in the shadows of modernization. If kung-fu, Peking Opera or goose lake ballet ever perished from the earth, it would be a tragedy of immeasurable proportions。In my view, multi-cultures can be kept alive by the people with the time to do so, and is extremely vital in ensuring a community’s future development and prosperity. As a consequence of successful commercialization efforts, unwavering government support and growing interest overseas, the future of cultural blending looks brighter and more secure than ever before。参考译文如图象征性所示，一只沸腾的火锅中拥有诸多多元文化元素。这些多元文化可分为毕升、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦等国内外名人，佛、道、儒、仁、礼、启蒙、人本、后现代、解构等哲学概念，以及京剧、功夫、天鹅湖等表演艺术。文字说明显示：“文化‘火锅’，既美味又营养。”画家的目的是告诉我们文化融合并未过时或失去价值，相反还应鼓励和保持。一方面，多元文化作为全体人类遗产的一部分，是将不同人群和社会群体融合的有力方式。因此，文化融合作为促进文化发展和保护的一种方式，已经不可或缺。另一方面，中国跟世界上其他快速发展的国家一样，年久的习俗和传统面临着消失在现代化阴影里的危险。如果京剧、功夫或天鹅湖从地球上消失，那将是不可估量的悲剧。在我看来，如果人们能为多元文化花费时间的话，那么它就能得以保护。这对确保社会将来的繁荣和发展都至关重要。由于成功的商业努力、政府坚定不移的支持和不断增长的海外兴趣，多元文化的将来会比过去任何时候更明朗、更安全。 小作文Part A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate’association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualification for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant。You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use " postgraduate’association " instead。(10 points)真题解析2010年考研英语(一)小作文考察了告示这种题型。在2009年10月22日教育部考试中心出版的《考试大纲》和《考试分析》中并未提到告示，但从2004年考研大纲改革以来，历年教育部考试中心出版的《大纲解析》一书中均详细讲解了告示的写法。2009年8月25日出版的《大纲解析》中将小作文明确分为书信类应用文和告示类应用文两大题型，详尽分析了告示的写作方法，并提供了六篇告示范文。这再次证明了考研写作的反押题倾向，命题者重在考查考生的实际英语水平，经常与考生预测逆向思维，反其道而行之。针对2011年及之后的考研写作复习，希望考生扎扎实实提高英语写作实力，杜绝侥幸和押题心理，对于书信、摘要、告示、备忘录、报告等大纲提及的题型均应仔细复习，以不变应万变。大家如果参加过新东方的培训，我的强化班和基础班写作讲义中均提供了告示范文。拙著《2010考研英语高分写作》94页至99页详尽解析了告示的写法，并提供了六篇范文；118页小作文十大必背范文第九篇即告示。下面提供的参考范文即综合了该书97页和118页的两篇范文。考生平时只要认真复习，告示并不难写。值得注意的是，近两年考研小作文考题均源于近年大学英语四级写作真题。2009年1月10日考研小作文真题源于2008年12月20日四级真题“Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags”。而2010年的考研小作文题目再次来自于2006年6月17日四级写作真题。该题如下：Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a poster recruiting volunteers. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below.1. 校学生会将组织一次暑假志愿者活动，现招募志愿者，2. 本次志愿者活动的目的、内容、安排等，3. 报名条件及联系方式。在2009年8月25日出版的《大纲解析》中，教育部详细讲解了告示的格式：标题应放在首行正中央；日期应放在标题右下方，不应空行；正文应写1-3段，5-7句即可；落款写在中间偏后位置，与正文之间不需空行。考生无需过于紧张，即使格式错误，只要没有跑题、语言基本正确、结构比较清晰，即可取得理想成绩。Volunteers WantedJanuary 9, 2010To improve students’ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduate’Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on globalization to be held on April 7, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently. Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those postgraduates who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of their classes before February 1, 2010. Everybody is welcome to join in it。Postgraduate’Association参考译文招募志愿者2010年1月9日为提高同学们的能力并丰富课外活动，研究生会现招募2010年4月7日在北京举办的一次国际全球化会议的志愿者。首先，应聘者必须具有中国国籍、较强的职业精神、令人愉快的个性，年龄在35岁以下。其次，申请人需具有卓越的英文听力水平以及流利的中英文演讲能力。最后，具有相关职业经验的学生优先考虑。有兴趣参加的研究生请于2月1日之前在本班班长处报名。欢迎大家积极参加。
阿哥丶WLy
模板一：图画作文来源：考试大 This illustration depicts_________ (图画中的人物)Ving, with______________（补充说明）. Recently it has become common for people in many walks of life to_____________(进一步阐释) It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______(图画主题), which is ______________(进一步的说明). He seems to be saying that_______________(给出细节). In my opinion, ___________(个人阐述). This simple picture is a wake up call for ______(所涉群体，如the whole of the human race). Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________(问题所在). One the one hand, we must _________________(建议一). It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________(进一步说明). On the other hand, ________________（建议二） Only in this way can we___________(展望前景). 模板二：图表作文来源：考试大 The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________(图表主题). The first thing we notice is that_______________(图表最大特点). This means that as __________, _________________(进一步说明). We can see from the statistics given that _______________(图表细节一). After ving_________(细节一中的第一个变化), the _____Ved+幅度+时间（紧跟着的变化）. The figures also tells us that_________________________(图表细节二). (数据位置，如In the second column), we can see that ____________accounts for _______(进一步描述). Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that___________(结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_____________(给出原因). / It is high time that we Ved(发出倡议) 模板三：利弊型作文 Recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题) has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public. There are two major arguments that can be made for_________. For one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________(优点一). For another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when ________________________________(优点二). But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ____________(列举缺点). For instance, it can be __________to _____________(举例说明). In addition, many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________（第二个缺点） When asked to __________, I tend to ____________. This is because I _______________(原因一). Furthermore, _______________________(原因二). Finally, ______________(原因三). 模板四：展望未来型 With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________(引出现象). However, _______ has________________, as____________(提出问题). As a result, _____has ____________________(指出影响). The effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones. First , __________________(影响一). More importantly, ________________(影响二). Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望) There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. The first is that the more(比较级)_____, the more (比较级). In addition, we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)
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