高中英语阅读难题

其实我也是高三学生看到你的问题也感同身受现在我提供你一点老师的建议希望你能有所收获一 完型完型填空题是集词语辨析、词的用法以及搭配、语法、单句理解、语篇理解的考查为一体的综合题，不但要求同学们具有扎实的基础知识，而且还要求必须具备较强的分析理解、逻辑推断能力及语感。该题型在历届高考试题中起着重要的作用，通常从一篇词数250左右、难度略低于教材上课文的文章中设空格20个。具体来说，由于短文被挖去一些词，造成信息的中断，同学们做题时，必然会出现思维断层现象。如果不掌握正确的解题思路及步骤，并通过适当的训练的话，同学们面对此题时就会束手无策，久而久之就会对完形填空产生厌烦、恐惧心理，更不利于能力的提高，不利于临场发挥。本文结合笔者的教学实际，浅谈完形填空题的解题思路与步骤，并预测2006年高考英语试题中的完型试题的特点，希望对参加高考的同学们有所帮助。 一、解题方法1、通览全文，了解大意 由于完型填空试题主要测试同学们在语篇层面上综合运用语言的能力，在解答试题的之前应快速阅读全文，抓住文章的主题，搞清作者的思路及上下文的逻辑关系。一般说来，通读的关键是弄清第一句(往往点明主题，且是没留空白的完整句)和最后一句(往往总结、概括全文)。另外，在浏览时全文的时候，要重点了解文中所叙述的人物、时间、地点、事件，即who，when，where，what。例如有篇文章的第一句话为：Why is a space left between the rails of a railway line where one piece joins the next？这句话从铁轨之间的缝隙引出了问题。根据常识，就会很快的知道文中的内容应与热胀冷缩的物理现象有关。2、快速反应，初做答案 找到文章的突破口之后，就要趁着思路清晰时，快速做出反应，一鼓作气将文中所有能填的空填起来，不因某试题暂时给不了答案的题停留太久。做题以了解文章的大意为前提，如遇个别难题，可以暂时跳过去或初拟一个答案；如果停滞不前，不但会打断思路、造成时间上和心理上的紧张，而且往往无济于事。 在填每个空格时，注意分析选项所在的上下文，弄清上下文间的逻辑关系，注意空格前后的词，看是否能与某一选项构成固定搭配。从各个角度考虑，初步做出每个小题的答案。 3、再次查读，攻克难关 初选过后，可能还会留下一些空档，此时，再重读文章，从语义和逻辑的角度审视全文，看其是否通顺流畅、条理清晰、符合逻辑。与此同时，将未填的空档全部补齐。由于选答案时讲求一气呵成，初选过后还应根据上下文对有疑问或把握不准的答案进行推敲。在具体的操作中应注意以下的问题： 1）看清上下文，找准定位词 充分利用文章的上下文和前后句，找到对选择有提示作用的词或句。这些词有时可能是同义词或反义词。例如：1. Some parts of the water are very shallow. But in some places it is very ______ A. deep B. high C. cold D. dangerous 【解析】根据转折连词but的提示，所填入的词应与shallow相反，因此答案为A。2. Mrs. O’Neill asked_________ questions and she didn’t scold us either. A. no B. certain C. many D. more 【解析】and是一个并列连词；either为副词，用在否定句或否定词后加强语势，由此可以确定所填的词也应是一个否定意义的词，因此答案是A。 2）通顺逻辑，寻求搭配 注意固定的搭配，包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。例如： Here’s a fellow who just walked into a bank and helped himself_______ so much money. A. for B. by C. to D. of 【解析】表示“自取，随便拿”这个意义的短语是help oneself to…�故答案为C。3）扎实基础，搞清辨异在此类试题的命制上，往往是以同类的词为主，我们不需要去进行具体的辨析，但是我们也要根据文章的意思来进行推断。如：Soon I heard a________ like that of a door burst in and then a climb of feet. A. sound B. cry C. voice D. shout 【解析】选项中的四个词都表示不同的声音，但B，C，D项的三个词都是指从嗓子里发出的声音，而sound则表示各种各样的声音。因此答案是A。When the papers were __________ she discovered that twelve boys had made exactly… A. examined B. completed C. marked D. answered 【解析】根据文章的意思，应该是在试卷上交后，老师在阅卷的时候，发现的问题，所以可较容易排除B和D选项。而examined和marked两个词词义非常接近。examine意为“检查，查看”，mark是“批分数，评成绩”，因此，应选C。 4）看清执行者，确定所选词And video cameras can be used to＿＿＿＿＿people’s actions at home. A. keep B. make C. record D. watch 【解析】句中动作的发出者是video cameras�因此答案是C，意思是“记录”。 5）寻求上下逻辑，从容确定关系It has been many years since I was last in London________ still remember something that happened during that visit. A. and B. for C. but D. as 【解析】根据句前的many years和句后的still remember答案应选表示转折的连词but. 6）了解生活常识，确定相关知识(Immediately ) the officers jumped into their cars and rushed to the＿＿＿＿＿hospital. A. animal B. biggest C. plant D. nearest 【解析】在这样的紧急情况下，人们的第一个反应是到最近的医院就医，因此答案为D。 二、2006年试题预测： 通过对历届高考试题的分析，我们我多2006年高考完型填空试题做一个大致的预测，希望也对同学们有所帮助。1、文章趋向长，词数250左右，多为夹叙夹议文章。而且文章富有时代的气息，具有教育意义。2、短文内容逻辑性强，结构严谨，层次分明。文章多数是以一篇故事或说明，告诉我们一个道理。3、文章语言符合高考学生的实际水平，一般采用故事体，尽量避免选用专业性太强的文章或论说文体。4、意义选择填空为主，语法选择填空为辅。5、逐步过渡到选最佳答案。以单词填空为主，词组和短语填空为辅。完形填空题要想取得高分，必须经过大量的练习，在实战中运用解题思路和方法，加强阅读，培养语感，积累词汇，打下扎实的基本功，到高考做完形填空题时就一定能得心应手，游刃有余，取得理想的成绩。二 阅读第一节 对阅读理解中生词的理解 一、通过句子结构或句子成分来理解 1、通过定义解释来推测词义。 a.His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. b.Have you ever wondered what a Degree might be worth to you in your job orcareer? 2、通过对比关系来推测词义，如利用反义词说明生词的意义等。 a.A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be ahassle; it can be a basket of fun, according to Beth Anaclerio, an Evaston mother of two, ages 4 and 18 months. Q: What does the under lined word “hassle” probably mean? A. a party designed by specialists B. a plan requiring careful thought C. a situation causing difficulty or trouble D. a demand made by guests b. Music, for instance, was once as groups experience…For many people now, however, music is an individual experience. 3、通过同类关系来推测词义。 a.In each Olympic Games, medals of gold, silver andbronze can all be awarded. b.At forty-two he was in hisprime and always full of energy. 4、根据生活常识来猜测词义。 a.Mrs. Kreamer, avictim of smoke, was unconscious…….. b. Birds fly with their wings, and they pick up their foods, and then eat them with their beaks and they use their claws for tearing, seizing, pulling or holding objects. 5、利用文意及逻辑关系来推测词义。 a. One mistaken idea about business is that it can be treated as a game of perfect information. Quite the reverse.Business, politics, life itself are games which we must normally play with very imperfect information. b.She wanted the hairdresser totrim her hair a bit because it was too long. c. The river is soturbid that it is impossible to see the bottomeven when it is shallow. 【针对性练习】请选出画线单词的正确意思。 1.Archaeology is the study of the buried remains of ancient times, such as houses, pots, tools and weapons. A. 地理学 B. 生态学 C. 心理学 D. 考古学 2. This strict officer is a martinet, a person who demands total obedience（服从）to rules, discipline and orders. A.专制的人B. 软弱的人 C. 强硬的人 D. 要求严格服从纪律和命令的人 3. Though Mr. Smith has been general manager for just 3 months, he has already made much greater achievements than hispredecessors.A. 上级 B. 前任 C. 同事 D. 下级 4. The football game was getting more and more exciting , however, the old lady was still as dozy as she usually was. A. 昏昏欲睡的 B. 亢奋的 C. 欣喜若狂的 D. 麻木的 5. All his attempts to unlock the door wasfutile,because he was using the wrong key. A. 成功的 B. 徒劳的 C. 有效的 D. 匆促的 6. She did not hear what you said because she was completelyengrossed in her reading. A. 心不在焉的 B. 紧张的 C. 全神贯注的 D. 睡意浓的 7. One ofsymptoms caused by the peculiar illness is a high fever. A. 症状 B. 疾病 C. 恐惧 D. 威胁 8. In the strong wind, the beggarshivered with the terrible cold. A. 流泪 B. 乞讨 C. 呻吟 D. 颤抖 9. The hot tropical weather created a feeling oflassitude and encouraged laziness. A. 兴奋 B. 厌恶 C. 清醒 D. 疲倦 10.To quite a great many people, money is anirresistible temptation（诱惑）. A. 不可抗拒的 B. 可抗拒的 C. 接受的 D. 不可接受的 二、通过构词法知识来理解 英语中的构词法主要的有三种，即复合法，派生法和转化法。而派生是很重要的一种方法，它是由 词根，前缀，后缀所组成。词根是单词最重要的部分，表达单词的基本含义，在词根前或后加上前缀和 后缀，可以用来引申或转变原词的意思。只要我们掌握了各种词根、前缀、后缀等基本含义，那么就可 以很容易地猜测出所构成的新词的含义了。利用构词法知识猜词义我们可以用下面的一些方法： 1.利用派生法知识猜派生词词义。 a.Carrentalsarebecomingmore and morepopularasaninexpensive way of taking to the roads. b. Thepopularity of the igloo is beyond doubt. 2.利用合成法知识猜测合成词词义。a. “Even when a man is said to be a best friend,” Rubin writes, “the two share a little about their innermost feeling.” b.The colors of Hawaii in summer areunforgettable. 3.要求猜测熟词新含义。 a. The major market force rests in the growing population of white collar employees, who can offer the new service. b. “It wasthebestnightwehadever had” said saidAngelaCarraro,who runs an Italian restaurant. 4.要求猜测词性变换新词含义。 a. Thehotsunhad causedthedough todouble in size… b. When men and women lived hunting 50,000 years ago, how could they even begin to picture modern life? 【针对性练习】 根据构词法，猜测下面画线单词的意思。 1. Many factories were closed, so men facedunployment2. They had, I know, some undersirable friends. 3. The boy took a handful of chocolates before he went to school. 4. We seek to satisfyequality of pay for men and women. 5. Students should not disobey the rules of their school. 6. Wefavour an early start in the training of performing arts. 7. We fought hard tooverthrow the policy. 8. Can you forsee what will happen tomorrow. 9. The man made anadmission that he was a spy. 10. He is veryknowledgeable about wires. 第二节 对阅读理解中长难句的理解 一、长句成分分析法 近几年高考阅读试题中的长难句，即结构比较复杂的句子越来越多，如何阅读这些复杂句子，正确 理解短文内容是咱们同学感觉比较头疼的难题。下面我们共同学习长句分析法。对于该方法我们应该注 意：（1）找准主干，关键是主句的主谓结构，方法是先将句子的修饰成分（名词性从句、定语从句、状 语从句和非谓语动词）去掉，露出主句的真面貌，然后再分析修饰部分和主句的关系。另外在一个长句 中可能会出现若干个从句，如果把整个的长句从头到尾理解透，势必很难。如果把各个从句剔出来单独 理解，再把大意拼凑起来，构成整个长句的意思，就可降低长句的理解难度。（2）理清逻辑和思路。一 些长句其实就是一个由主句和若干个从句组成的一个多层次的主从复合句，因而一定要搞清主句和从句之间的逻辑关系。只要把逻辑关系搞清楚了，把主句的意思和从句的意思按逻辑意义进行理解，则长难 句就好对付了。 平时要注意积累表示各种逻辑关系的连词和短语， 常见的有， 表目的： so that, for the purpose that, in order that 等；表结果：so…that, such…that, that…, as a result, therefore, thus等；表条件：if, on condition that, unless等；表原因：because, since, as等。（3）把握关键词。如果对一个长难句子一点感觉 也没有，下下之策就是别把长、难句当句子看，只要能大体理解句中的关键词，也可以大体猜出了这个句子的意思。例如： 【例1】It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. 【例2】Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say he didn’t know his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on a sofa. 【针对性练习】 1. They want to keep you under their protection as long as they can, and since they can, and since they have always given you extra special care, they are afraid you won’t make it without their support. 2. It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education and extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rise high in life. 3. Being very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim. 二、抓住核心简化长句 如果句子很长，就要对句子进行结构分析。一般来说，一个长句如果是由几个并列、转折、递进、 对比关系的分句组成，句中往往有表示这些分句关系的连接词，只要能搞清分句和分句之间的逻辑关系， 把各层分句的意思加以连贯就构成了长句的句意。使用这一个方法，我们就会很快的把握句子的意思， 这对我们完成试题是很有帮助作用的。在长句理解的过程中，教会学生划分意群。首先让学生划分意群， 即先找出句子的主干：主语、谓语和宾语，这些是句子的核心所在。然后再找句子的修饰成分：同位语、 定语、主语补足语、宾语补足语和状语。这样，把一个个复杂的长句分解为一个个相对简单的意群，这 样符合由简入繁，由易入难的记忆和学习规律，能有效地消除学生对长句的畏惧心理，从而为解答阅读 理解提供一把万能的金钥匙。 【例1】 I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates good will between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no inclination to meet on the battlefield. 另外，在英语语言中，平行并列结构占有相当大的比例。由于这种结构组成的方式不同，或其它句子成分的介入，或多重并列平行的存在，往往使读者在阅读时不易分辩清楚，找不到句子的主干，进而 形成阅读理解的障碍。并列平行结构中多有一些关联词语如and, or, but, not only …but also, both…and, either…or, neither…nor 等；或标点符号如分号、逗号、破折号等信息标志，把若干个在语义上有联系或 相互照应的句子连在一起以表达一个复杂的多层次的含义。 【针对性练习】（翻译下面的句子，并对句子进行分析） 1. My friends, having seen the recorder before them turned off, paid no attention to the microphones a few inches from their mouths, thus giving excellent sound quality. 2. Being very short of money and wanting todo something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim. 3. And although you may not like it if she chooses your doorway as her place to sleep in the night, it is as normally hard to turn her away as it is a lost dog. 4. It was almost impossible for an Indian to gain even a fair education and extremely difficult, as a result, for an Indian to rise high in life. 5. He did not believe nor reject (排斥) anything because any other person had believed or rejected it. 第三节 对阅读理解中段落的理解 我们所见到的短文都是由每一个段落组成。 段落是构成文章的一组句子。 段落必须表达完整的意思： 或描写事物，或争论某事，或对某事提出疑问，或要求什么，或给事物下定义，或驳斥某观点。 【例1】 We all know that cigarette smoking is a dangerous habit because it causes health problems. Doctors say it can be a direct cause of cancer of the lungs and throat and can also contribute to cancer of other organs. In addition, it can bring about other health problems such as heart and lung diseases. It is clearly identified as one of the chief causes of death in our society. 【例2】 The need for wildlife protection is greater now than ever before. About a thousand species of animals are in danger of extinction, and the rate at which they are being destroyed has increased. With mammals, for instance, the rate of extinction is now about one species every year; from AD 1 to 1800, the rate was about one species every fifty years. Everywhere, men are trying o solve the problem of preserving wildlife while caring at the same time for the world’s growing population. 【例3】 Trouble, trouble, trouble! First it was the tires! I discovered two of them completely worn out after only one year’s use. After replacing the tires, the brakes went bad. There went $150! Just when I thought everything wasworking fine, the engine boiled over as I sat in a long line at the toll（过桥收费处）bridge. 再给你点阅读频用词一定要掌握1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更2.burst vi.n. 突然发生,爆裂3.dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)4.blast n. 爆炸；气流 vi. 炸,炸掉5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽6.split v. 劈开；割裂；分裂 a.裂开的7.spit v. 吐（唾液等）；唾弃8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出9.slip v. 滑动,滑落；忽略10.slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动；滑面；幻灯片11.bacteria n. 细菌12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排14.candidate n. 候选人15.campus n. 校园16.liberal a. 慷慨的；丰富的；自由的17.transform v. 转变,变革；变换18.transmit v. 传播,播送；传递19.transplant v. 移植20.transport vt. 运输,运送 n. 运输,运输工具21.shift v. 转移；转动；转变22.vary v. 变化,改变；使多样化23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的27.mild a. 温暖的,暖和的；温柔的,味淡的28.tender a. 温柔的；脆弱的29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌（的人或事物）30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的；无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的；完全的33.boundary n. 分界线,边界34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住（车）35.catalog n. 目录（册） v. 编目36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的37.vain n. 徒劳,白费38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分41.agent n. 代理人,代理商；动因,原因42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励47.acquire vt. 取得,获得；学到48.accomplish vt .完成,到达；实行49.network n. 网状物；广播网,电视网；网络50.tide n. 潮汐；潮流51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛55.wax n. 蜡56.weave v. 织,编57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待；谩骂62. academic a. 学术的；高等院校的；研究院的63. academy n. （高等）专科院校；学会64. battery n. 电池（组）65. barrier n. 障碍；棚栏66. cargo n. （船、飞机等装载的）货物67. career n. 生涯,职业68. vessel n. 船舶；容器,器皿；血管69. vertical a. 垂直的70. oblige v. 迫使,责成；使感激71. obscure a. 阴暗,模糊72. extent n. 程度,范围,大小,限度73. exterior n. 外部,外表 a. 外部的,外表的74. external a. 外部的,外表的,外面的75. petrol n. 汽油76. petroleum n. 石油77. delay vt./n. 推迟,延误,耽搁78. decay vi. 腐烂,腐朽79. decent a. 像样的,体面的80. route n. 路；路线；航线81. ruin v. 毁坏,破坏 n. 毁灭,[pl.]废墟82. sake n. 缘故,理由83. satellite n. 卫星84. scale n. 大小,规模；等级；刻度85. temple n. 庙宇86. tedious a. 乏味道,单调的87. tend vi.易于,趋向88. tendency n.趋向,趋势89. ultimate a. 极端的,最大的,最终的 n. 极端90. undergo v. 经历,遭受91. abundant a. 丰富的,充裕的,大量的92. adopt v. 收养；采用；采纳93. adapt vi. 适应,适合；改编,改写 vt. 使适应94. bachelor n. 学士,学士学位；单身汉95. casual a. 偶然的,碰巧的；临时的；非正式的96. trap n. 陷阱,圈套 v. 设陷阱捕捉97. vacant a. 空的,未占用的98. vacuum n. 真空,真空吸尘器99. oral a. 口头的,口述的,口的100. optics n. （单、复数同形）光学以上英语学习是个循序渐进的过程但是基于高考的时间迫近建议你尽可能地多向老师请教阅读看的一是单词 二是理解在理解的基础上通过努力 相信你一定会拿到130＋