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The most common Latin words, abbreviations, and initialisms still in use are:A.D. (anno Domini), "in the year of the Lord".a.m. (ante meridiem), "before midday". c. & ca. (circa), "around (about, approximately)".cf. (confer) means "bring together" and hence "compare" (confer is the imperative of the Latin verb conferre) Example: "These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cf. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992)." C.V. or CV (curriculum vitae), meaning "course of life". A document containing a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education. The exact usage of the term varies between British English and American English. cwt. (centum weight), "Hundredweight": [1] N.B. this uses a mixture of Latin and English abbreviation. D.D. (Divinitatis Doctor), "Doctor of Divinity": D.Lit. (Doctor Litterarum), "Doctor of Literature": D.M. (Doctor Medicinae), "Doctor of Medicine": D.V. (Deo volente), "God willing". DG, D.G. or DEI GRA (Dei gratia), "by the grace of God".[1] A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins. ead. (eadem): see id. below. et al. (et alii) means "and others", or "and co-workers".[1] It can also stand for et alia, "and other things". Example: "These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002)." etc. (et cetera) (archaic abbreviations include &c. and &/c.) means "and the others", "and other things", "and the rest".Example: "I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc." e.g. (exempli gratia) means "for example", "for instance".Example: "The use of a sensor to measure the solar radiation, e.g. a sunphotometer, is necessary in this technique." fl. or flor. (floruit) means the period of time during which a person, school, movement or even species was active or flourishing (literally, "he/she/it flourished").F D or FID DEF (fidei defensor), "defender of the faith". A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins. ibid. (ibidem) means "in the same place (book, etc.)"[1], and is used in citations. It should not be confused with the following abbreviation. It is better pronounced ibídem, with stress on the second -i- (as it was in Latin). id. (idem) means "the same (man)".[1] It is used to avoid repeating the name of an author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) Note that if we are quoting an authoress we should use the corresponding feminine form, i.e. ead. (eadem), "the same (woman)" (eadem is pronounced with stress on the first e-). i.a. ("inter alia") means "among other things". Example: "Ernest Hemingway- author (i.a. 'The Sun Also Rises')" i.e. (id est) means "that is" or "in other words".Example: "For reasons not fully understood there is only a minor PSI contribution to the variable fluorescence emission of chloroplasts (Dau, 1994), i.e. the PSI fluorescence appears to be independent from the state of its reaction centre (Butler, 1978)." lb. (libra) means "scales", used to indicate the pound (mass).M.O. (modus operandi) means "method of operating". N.B. (nota bene) means "note well". Some people use "Note" for the same purpose.[1] Usually written with majuscule letters. Example: "N.B.: All the measurements have an accuracy of 5% as they were calibrated according to the procedure described by Jackson (1989)." nem. con. (nemine contradicente) means "with no-one speaking against". This does NOT mean "unanimously", but simply that nobody voted against - in other words, there may have been abstentions. p.a. (per annum) means "through a year", and is used in the sense of "yearly".[1] per cent. (per centum), "Per hundred": p.m. (post meridiem), "after midday".p.m.a. (post mortem auctoris) means "after the author's death". p.p. & per pro. (per procurationem), "through the agency of". PRN (pro re nata), "as needed" in relation to medication. pro tem. (pro tempore), "for the time being", temporarily, in place of.[1] P.S. (post scriptum) means "after what has been written"; it is used to indicate additions to a text after the signature. Q.D. (quaque die), "every day", used on medications to indicate when to take. Q.E.D. (quod erat demonstrandum) means "which was to be demonstrated".[1] Cited in many texts at the end of a mathematical proof. q.v. (quod vide) means "which see".[1] Used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural is quae vide (qq.v.). Re (in re) means "in the matter of", or "concerning". Often used to prefix the subject of replies to memoranda and latterly, emails. REG (regina), "queen". A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins minted when the reigning monarch is a queen. Rex, "king" (not an abbreviation) is used when the reigning monarch is a king. R.I.P. (requiescat in pace), "may he/she rest in peace": a short prayer for a dead person. It can also mean requiescant (plural) in pace, i.e. "may they" etc. sc. (scilicet) means "that is to say".[1][2] Sometimes abbreviated scil. It has mostly been replaced by "i.e." Example: "I was three sheets to the wind last night, sc. I was extremely intoxicated." s.o.s. ("si opus sit"), "if there is need", "if occasion require", "if necessary".[4] viz (videlicet) means "namely".[1] There is no full stop after viz because the -z shows the abbreviation. Some people use "i.e." for the same purpose. However, the use of i.e. can be wrong, as viz should be used, as in the following example, to precede a complete list when the group has already been named collectively. Example: "The noble gases, viz helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element." vs or v. (versus) means "against" (sometimes is not abbreviated). Example: "From Figure 1 that shows force (in newtons) vs. mass (in kilograms) we can derive the acceleration of the body."