高二英语专项语法

高二英语语法重点之一：定语从句1. 定语从句的基本概念定语从句在复合句中起定语作用，修饰主句中的名词或代词。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般在先行词之后。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词在先行词与定语从句之间起纽带作用。关系词代表着先行词并在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。如：He is the man who lives next door. 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。分析：the man就是先行词；修饰the man的who lives next door就是定语从句；who是关系词，它代表先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。2. 关系词代词和关系副词的用法依照关系词在从句中的用法差异，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等，关系副词有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下：(1)关系代词的用法：先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时，关系代词常被省略。如：A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller。开店售书的人叫做书商。He is the man whom you have been looking for. 他就是你要找的那个人。You are the only one whose advice he might listen to. 你是唯一可能使他听从劝告的人。he was not on the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚才到达的那列火车上。(2)关系副词的用法：关系副词有when, where, why等，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、在点和原因。When通常放在time, day, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后；where通常放在place, city, town, village, house, case, point, situation等地点名词后；why通常只放在reason后。如：Have you set the day when you will move? 你搬迁的日子定了吗?The book is on the table where you left it. 书在桌子上，你放在那里的。We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。3. 限制性和非限制性定语从句的比较限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰、限制或确定的作用，若去掉，先行词的意思就不明确，它是不可缺少的一部分，它与先行词的关系密不可分，不可用逗号将其分开。而非限制性定语从句只是对先行词起补充说明作用，它可有可无，与先行词关系松散，通常用逗号将其分开。因此，有无逗号是区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的重要标志。在限制性定语从句中that可以代替who, whom和which等；但在非限制性定语从句中不能用that。如：He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 他说他以前未见过她，这不是事实。Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟到下星期，那时天气可能会好一点。Barbary was working in Aubury, where she went daily in a bus. 巴巴拉在奥伯里工作，每天得坐公共汽车去上班。注意：关系副词when, where可引导非限制性定语从句，但关系副词why只能引导限制性定语从句，不能引导非限制性定语从句。如：4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句指事物时，在下列情况下，人们通常用that，而不用which。(1)当先行词为不定代词时：当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时，通常用that。如：All [Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。(2)当涉及序数词或最高级时：当先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时，通常用that。如：This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。(3)当涉及the very, the only, the same时：当先行词有the very, the only, the same 等修饰时，通常用that。如：This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。(3)当先行词包括人和物时：此时通常用that。如：They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。5. 通常要用that引导的定语从句在下列情况下，通常不用that引导定语从句：(1)引导非限制性定语从句时：此时不能用that，而要根据情况选用who, whom或which等。如：Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excited. 我昨天碰到了玛丽，她显得很兴奋。 (2)直接在介词后用作宾语时：此时不用that，而要用whom或which。如：This is the person to whom your father spoke just now. 这是刚才你父亲和他说话的那个人。(3)当定语从句被分隔时：当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时，不宜用that，而用who, whom或which。如：I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。6. 关系代词who与whom的区别两者均只用于人，从理论上说，who 为主格，whom为宾格，但实际上，除非在正式文体中，宾格关系代词 whom 往往省略不用，或用who或that代之。如：The man (that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。 不过，值得注意的是，直接跟在介词后面作宾语时，只能用 whom，而且不能省略。如：She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来，我以前都没见过。另外，引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时，who 和 whom均可用，但以用 whom 为佳，此时也不能省略。如：This is Jack, who [whom] you haven’t met before. 这是杰克，你以前没见过。7. 关系代词as和which的区别(1)互换的情况：两者有时可互换。如：I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。(2)只有as的情况：以下两种情况，习惯只用as，不用which。①在such, as, the same后引导定语从句时只能用ash。如：I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。It’s the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。② 当从句位于主句前面时，只用 as。如：As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。(3)值得注意的情况：以下三种情况值得注意。①as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，但which无此限制。比较：He went abroad, as [which] was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)②as 引导非限制性定语从句时，先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词，而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念，而which 则无此限制。如：The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)③当as 引导非限制性定语从句作主语时，其谓语通常应是连系动词，而不宜是其他动词，而 which则无此限制：She has married again, as [which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了，这似乎很自常。She has married again, which delighted us. 她又结婚了，这使我们很高兴。(不用as)8. 先行词是时间或地点的定语从句先行词是表示时间或地点的名词时，代表先行词的关系词若在定语从句中作状语，用关系副词when或where引导，when和which相当于“介词＋which”；若在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就用关系代词which或that来引导。确定用关系代词还是用关系副词的简便方法是：看定语从句中是否缺少主语或宾语，若缺，用关系代词；若不缺，用关系副词。如：That’s the reason why he dislikes me. 这就是他不喜欢我的原因。Sunday is the day when very few people go to work. 星期日是没什么人上班的日子。Do you know a shop where I can find sandals? 你知道哪家商店我能找到凉鞋吗？9. 介词加关系代词引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，若关系代词紧靠在介词后，先行词是人时，用whom，先行词是物时，用which，不用who或that，关系代词whom和which不能省略。至于用什么介词，一般可由定语从句的谓语与先行词之间需要加是什么介词来搭配才讲得通来确定。如：I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologize. 我把他名字称呼错了，为此我表示歉意。10. 关系代词作定语的定语从句关系代词在从句中作定语表示所属关系，先行词是人，表示“先行词这个人的…”，用whose；先行词是事物，表示“先行词这个事物的…”，用whose…或the…of which或of which…都可以。如：In 1980 he caught a serious illness from whose effects he still. suffers. 1980年他患了到现在对他仍有影响的重病。The treasure some of which has been recovered, has been sent to the British Museum. 这些宝藏已送往大英博物馆，其中有一些是失而复得的。另外，还要注意以下这类定语从句，which也是用作定语：She may be late, in which case we ought to wait for her. 她可能迟到，因此我们应该等她。He lost his temper, at which point I decided to go home. 他发脾气了，这时我就决定回家了。He was appointed Lord Chancellor, in which post he spent the rest of his life. 他被任命为大法官，在这个职位上度过了他的后半生。11. of whom / which引导的定语从句在非限制性定语从句中，先行词作为一个整体，表示整体中的一部分，即表示“部分与整体”的关系时，用…of which / whom或者of which / whom…都可以。但与表示所属关系不同，这里不能用whose来代替of which。如：The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大多数都已经挤满了人，它们被愤怒的人群包围着。I picked up the apples, some of which were badly bruised. 我拣起那些苹果，其中有一些伤得很厉害。I bought a dozen eggs, six of which broke when I dropped the box. 我买了一打鸡蛋，六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。12. the way后面的定语从句the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式 / 方法(=in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如：Do it the way you were taught. 要照教你的那样做。I was impressed by the way in which she did it. 她干成这件事的方式给我留下了深刻的印象。注意：way后不能用how引导定语从句，但也可以不用way，而直接用how引导的名词性从句来表达这类意思。如：That’s the way he did it.= That’s how he did it. 他就是这样做的。另外，当先行词way表示方向时，不用任何关系词。如：Was that the way she went? 她是往那个方向走的吗？13. 分隔定语从句定语从句一般紧靠在先行词之后，但有时它与先行词之间被一个定语、状语或谓语分隔开来，这种定语从句就叫分隔定语从句。如：A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you English. 教你们英语的新老师明天来。（先行词与定语从句被will come tomorrow分开了）