大卫雕像英文介绍

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci. Indeed it was said that a true Renaissance man needed to have all these talents and also to have been a diplomat and that Michelangelo was the only person to have ever embodied these criteria. Michelangelo's output in every field during his long life was prodigious; when the sheer volume of correspondence, sketches and reminiscences that survive is also taken into account, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and the David, were sculpted before he turned thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential fresco paintings in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgement on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Later in life he designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the same city and revolutionised classical architecture with his invention of the giant order of pilasters.

雕塑大师米开朗基罗简介 米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂(Michelangelo Bounaroti, 1475－1564)，意大利文艺复兴时期伟大的绘画家、雕塑家和建筑师，文艺复兴时期雕塑艺术最高峰的代表。1475年3月6日生于佛罗伦萨附近的卡普莱斯，父亲是奎奇市和卡普莱斯市的自治市长。他13 岁进入佛罗伦萨画家基尔兰达约（Ghirlandaio）的工作室，后转入圣马可修道院的美第奇学院作学徒。1496年，米开朗基罗来到罗马，创作了第一批代表作《酒神巴库斯》和《哀悼基督》等。1501年，他回到佛罗伦萨，用了四年时间完成了举世闻名的《大卫》。1505年在罗马，他奉教皇尤里乌斯二世之命负责建造教皇的陵墓，1506年停工后回到佛罗伦萨。1508年，他又奉命回到罗马，用了四年零五个月的时间完成了著名的西斯廷教堂天顶壁画。1513年，教皇陵墓恢复施工，米开朗基罗创作了著名的《摩西》、《被缚的奴隶》和《垂死的奴隶》。1519－1534年，他在佛罗伦萨创作了他生平最伟大的作品——圣洛伦佐教堂里的美第奇家族陵墓群雕。1536年，米开朗基罗回到罗马西斯廷教堂，用了近六年的时间创作了伟大的教堂壁画《末日审判》。之后他一直生活在罗马，从事雕刻、建筑和少量的绘画工作，直到1564年2月18日逝世于自己的工作室中。米开朗基罗代表了欧洲文艺复兴时期雕塑艺术的最高峰，他创作的人物雕像雄伟健壮，气魄宏大，充满了无穷的力量。他的大量作品显示了写实基础上非同寻常的理想加工，成为整个时代的典型象征。他的艺术创作受到很深的人文主义思想和宗教改革运动的影响，常常以现实主义的手法和浪漫主义的幻想，表现当时市民阶层的爱国主义和为自由而斗争的精神面貌。米开朗基罗的艺术不同于达·芬奇的充满科学的精神和哲理的思考，而是在艺术作品中倾注了自己满腔悲剧性的激情。这种悲剧性是以宏伟壮丽的形式表现出来的，他所塑造的英雄既是理想的象征又是现实的反应。这些都使他的艺术创作成为西方美术史上一座难以逾越的高峰。 传世作品介绍: 《大卫》，云石雕像，像高2.5米，连基座高5.5米，米开朗基罗创作于公元1501－1504年，现收藏于佛罗伦萨美术学院。米开朗基罗生活在意大利社会动荡的年代，颠沛流离的生活使他对所生活的时代产生了怀疑。痛苦失望之余，他在艺术创作中倾注着自己的思想，同时也在寻找着自己的理想，并创造了一系列如巨人般体格雄伟、坚强勇猛的英雄形象。《大卫》就是这种思想最杰出的代表。大卫是圣经中的少年英雄，曾经杀死侵略犹太人的非利士巨人哥利亚，保卫了祖国的城市和人民。米开朗基罗没有沿用前人表现大卫战胜敌人后将敌人头颅踩在脚下的场景，而是选择了大卫迎接战斗时的状态。在这件作品中，大卫是一个肌肉发达，体格匀称的青年壮士形象。他充满自信地站立着，英姿飒爽，左手拿石块，右手下垂，头向左侧转动着，面容英俊，炯炯有神的双眼凝视着远方，仿佛正在向地平线的远处搜索着敌人，随时准备投入一场新的战斗。大卫体格雄伟健美，神态勇敢坚强，身体、脸部和肌肉紧张而饱满，体现着外在的和内在的全部理想化的男性美。这位少年英雄怒目直视着前方，表情中充满了全神贯注的紧张情绪和坚强的意志，身体中积蓄的伟大力量似乎随时可以爆发出来。与前人表现战斗结束后情景的习惯不同，米开朗基罗在这里塑造的是人物产生激情之前的瞬间，使作品在艺术上显得更加具有感染力。他的姿态似乎有些象是在休息，但躯体姿态表现出某种紧张的情绪，使人有强烈的“静中有动”的感觉。雕像是用整块的石料雕刻而成，为使雕像在基座上显得更加雄伟壮观，艺术家有意放大了人物的头部和两个胳膊，使的大卫在观众的视角中显得愈加挺拔有力，充满了巨人感。这尊雕像被认为是西方美术史上最值得夸耀的男性人体雕像之一。不仅如此，《大卫》是文艺复兴人文主义思想的具体体现，它对人体的赞美，表面上看是对古希腊艺术的“复兴”，实质上表示着人们已从黑暗的中世纪桎梏中解脱出来，充分认识到了人在改造世界中的巨大力量。米开朗基罗在雕刻过程中注入了巨大的热情，塑造出来的不仅仅是一尊雕像，而是思想解放运动在艺术上得到表达的象征。作为一个时代雕塑艺术作品的最高境界，《大卫》将永远在艺术史中放射着不尽的光辉。

像image；seem；resemble；such as；like更多释义>>[网络短语] 像 image;Image;Picture大卫像 David;david;David di Michelangelo圣母像 Madonna of the Yarnwinder;MadonnadelMagnificat;Madonna

掷铁饼者 作者：米隆高约152 厘米，原作为青铜，米隆作于约公元前450 年。罗马国立博物馆、梵蒂冈博物馆、特尔梅博物馆均有收藏。原作已佚，现为大理石复制品。雕像选取运动员投掷铁饼过程中的瞬间动作，这正是铁饼出手前一系列瞬间万变动作中的暂时恒定状态，运动员右手握铁饼摆到最高点，全身重心落在右脚上，左脚趾反贴地面，膝部弯曲成钝角，整个形体有产生一种紧张的爆发力和弹力的感觉。形体造型是紧张的，然而在整体结构处理上，以及头部的表情上，却给人以沉着平稳的印象，这正是古典主义风格所追求的。大卫人体 作者：米开朗基罗这尊雕像被认为是世界历史上最著名的雕塑，云石雕像，像高2.5米，连基座高5.5米，米开朗基罗创作于公元1501－1504年，现收藏于佛罗伦萨美术学院。这尊雕像被认为是西方美术史上最值得夸耀的男性人体雕像之一。不仅如此，《大卫》是文艺复兴人文主义思想的具体体现，它对人体的赞美，表面上看是对古希腊艺术的“复兴”，实质上表示着人们已从黑暗的中世纪桎梏中解脱出来，充分认识到了人在改造世界中的巨大力量。米开朗基罗在雕刻过程中注入了巨大的热情，塑造出来的不仅仅是一尊雕像，而是思想解放运动在艺术上得到表达的象征。作为一个时代雕塑艺术作品的最高境界，《大卫》将永远在艺术史中放射着不尽的光辉。断臂的维纳斯 作者：亚力山德罗斯《米洛斯的阿芙洛蒂忒》俗称《米洛斯的维纳斯》、《断臂的维纳斯》、《维纳斯像》等，大理石雕像，高204厘米， 亚力山德罗斯创作于约公元前150年左右，现收藏于法国巴黎卢浮宫。从雕像被发现的第一天起，就被公认为是迄今为止希腊女性雕像中最美的一尊。这尊雕像还是卢浮宫的三大镇馆之宝之一（另外两个为希腊化时期作者不详的《胜利女神像》和文艺复兴时期达·芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》，参见《胜利女神像》《蒙娜丽莎》词条）。雅典娜神像 作者：菲狄亚斯雅典娜为雅典城的守护神，也是代表智慧的女神。原作为巴底农神庙大殿的主像，全身高达13米，用银白色大理石雕成，局部镶嵌着象牙与黄金，可惜已在拜占庭帝国时代被毁坏。这里介绍的是大理石小型摹制品。在这件女神雕像中，她头戴战盔，身着希腊式连衣长裙，护胸和甲胄上装饰有蛇形饰边和人头像；她裸露双臂，透过薄衣裙可隐见丰艳健美而有力量的身体；衣裙褶纹和饰物造成横竖线条的疏密变化美；她的手势动作可能是执长矛和托物，整个形象富有女性的温柔和充满生命，更多的是人性，绝少神性，这表明希腊化时期艺术已走向世俗化。神话传说：雅典娜(古希腊语：Ἀθήνη/Ἀθηνᾶ，英语：Athena)，传说是宙斯与智慧女神墨提斯(“Μῆτις”意为智慧思想)所生。因该亚（译名来自《神话词典》，请勿改动）和乌拉诺斯有预言说墨提斯所生的儿子会推翻宙斯，宙斯惧怕预言成真，遂将墨提斯整个吞入腹中，此后宙斯得了严重的头痛症。神人之父宙斯只好要求火神赫淮斯托斯打开他的头颅（一说为普罗米修斯），火神那样做了。令奥林波斯山诸神惊讶的是：一位体态婀娜、披坚执锐的美丽的女神从裂开的头颅中跳了出来，光彩照人，仪态万方。据说她有宙斯一般的力量，她是最聪明的女神，是智慧和力量的完美结合。在这一神话中是从父系制的观点来描写雅典娜出世的。雅典娜仿佛是宙斯的延续，是宙斯意志的执行者。她是行动中的宙斯思想。墨提斯的母亲身分逐渐模糊，似乎雅典娜是由宙斯一人所生。宙斯从雅典娜身上得到智慧，也像过去从墨提斯身上得到一样。雅典娜不仅是奥林波斯神话中最主要的神，她的重要性不亚于宙斯。猫头鹰和蛇是雅典娜的象征。夫妇像闪绿色粘板岩雕刻，高约142 厘米，约创作于公元前2600年，现收藏于美国波士顿博物馆。这是埃及古王国第四王朝时期的一尊双人立像，也是当时帝王立像中最典型的代表。雕像刻划的是埃及古王国第四王朝第五个法老门考拉和他的王妃 。复活节岛巨石像石雕，高4－5米，最高的高9.8米，约公元600－1680年。复活节岛是南太平洋上一个孤立的小岛，因考古学家是在1722年的复活节发现它的，故而得名。这些雕像都是用整块石头雕刻而成，一般高4－5米，重约20吨，最高的达9.8米，重达90 吨。罗马母狼铜雕青铜，高85厘米，约创作于公元前500年，现收藏于意大利罗马市政博物馆。雕像取材于罗马建城的传说：著名的特洛伊战争结束后，特洛伊王子逃到意大利半岛，建立了阿尔巴城，世代相传。后来，一个名叫努米托耳的国王被其弟阿木留斯推翻，儿子被杀，但他的女儿为战神所爱，生下一对双胞胎罗穆路和瑞穆斯，却被阿木留斯放入篮子中丢人台伯河。这对兄弟后来被一只母狼发现并收留抚养，不久，被牧人发现收养；他们长大以后，杀死仇人，救出外祖父，创建了新的城市。后来罗穆路杀死了瑞穆斯，并以自己的名字命名这座城市为罗马。这尊雕像所刻划的就是曾经哺育了罗马创始人的母狼的形象。这尊雕像是埃特鲁斯坎人的艺术杰作，对罗马人来说，它还具有纪念碑意义，人们把它作为民族发源的始祖而给以顶礼膜拜。雕像《母狼》已成为了罗马市的象征。狮身人面像石雕，也称为《斯芬克司像》。 高约20米，长57米，约创作于公元前2500年，现位于埃及吉萨。在古代埃及，狮子是战神的化身，也是力量的象征，法老把自己的形象与它的形象混合起来，是为了夸耀神秘的威力，使自己成为万民崇拜的偶像。埃及古王国时期最主要的艺术成就体现在巨大、宏伟的皇陵建筑上，其中最典型的就是这座雕像，它是由整块的天然岩石雕刻而成，高达20多米，面部约有5 米长，仅头上的一只耳朵也有2 米左右。雕像的头部被刻成古埃及第四王朝法老哈夫拉的头像，身子则是呈坐姿的狮子形象。法老头戴菱形王冠，前额上雕刻着神秘的圣蛇，脑后雕刻着象征神权的鹰。他的下颌原来还有一部庄严的胡须，但后来由于炮击而跌落，现收藏于英国大不列颠博物馆。汉谟拉比碑刻石雕，约公元前1792年－1750年，高约71厘米，石碑全长213厘米，现收藏于巴黎卢浮宫。“汉谟拉比法典”是世界上所发现的最早的成文的法律条文，是人们研究古代巴比伦经济制度与社会法治制度的极其重要的文物；同时，它还是古代巴比伦艺术的代表，尤其因为古巴比伦王国流传下来的艺术品十分罕见，所以这个石碑就更加显得格外珍贵。石碑的雕刻比较精细，表面高度磨光。石碑上刻满了楔形文字，全文280条，对刑事、民事、贸易、婚姻、继承、审判制度等都作了详细的规定。法典的上部是巴比伦人的太阳神沙玛什向汉谟拉比国王授予法典的浮雕。太阳神形体高大，胡须编成整齐的须辫，头戴螺旋型宝冠，右肩袒露，身披长袍，正襟危坐，正在授予汉谟拉比象征权利的魔标和魔环；汉谟拉比头戴传统的王冠，神情肃穆，举手宣誓。太阳神的宝座很象古巴比伦的塔寺，表示上面所坐的是最高的神。思想者 作者：罗丹原为《地狱之门》组塑的一部分，后翻铸成铜像。《地狱之门》取材于但丁的《神曲》，思想者是罗丹用以象征但丁的形象。一个强有力的巨人弯腰屈膝的坐着，右手托腮，嘴咬着自己的手，他默默凝视着下面被洪水吞噬的苦难深重的人们。他爱人类，难以对那些罪人作出最后判决，他深怀同情，陷入极大痛苦和永恒的沉思之中。这些都是从百度里搜出来的，你可以自己搜，也许有其他的回答

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.Michelangelo's output in every field during his long life was prodigious; when the sheer volume of correspondence, sketches and reminiscences that survive is also taken into account, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and the David, were sculpted before he turned thirty. Despite his low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential works in fresco in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. Later in life he designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in the same city and revolutionised classical architecture with his invention of the giant order of pilasters.In a demonstration of Michelangelo's unique standing, two biographies were published of him during his lifetime. One of them, by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance, a viewpoint that continued to have currency in art history for centuries. In his lifetime he was also often called Il Divino ("the divine one"), an appropriate sobriquet given his intense spirituality. One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur, and it was the attempts of subsequent artists to imitate Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style that resulted in the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance, Mannerism.Contents [hide]1 Early life 2 Michelangelo's David 3 Under Pope Julius II in Rome: the Sistine Chapel ceiling 4 Under Medici Popes in Florence 5 Last works in Rome 6 Michelangelo the architect 6.1 Laurentian Library 6.2 Medici Chapel 7 Michelangelo the man 8 Relationships 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links [edit] Early life Bust of Michelangelo on the roof of St Peter's Basilica, Vatican CityMichelangelo was born in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany, the second of five sons. His father, Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarroti di Simoni, was the resident magistrate in Caprese and podestà of Chiusi. His mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. The Buonarroti claimed to descend from Countess Mathilde of Canossa; this claim was probably false, but Michelangelo himself believed it.[1] However, Michelangelo was raised in Florence and later, during the prolonged illness and after the death of his mother, lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm. Michelangelo once said to the biographer of artists Giorgio Vasari, "What little good I have within me came from the pure air of your native Arezzo and the chisels and hammers."Against his father's wishes and after a period of grammatics studies with the humanist Francesco da Urbino, Michelangelo continued his apprenticeship in painting with Domenico Ghirlandaio and in sculpture with Bertoldo di Giovanni. Michelangelo's father managed to persuade Ghirlandaio to pay the young artist, which was unheard of at the time. In fact, most apprentices paid their masters for the education. Impressed, Domenico recommended him to the ruler of the city, Lorenzo de' Medici, and Michelangelo left his workshop in 1489. From 1490 to 1492, Michelangelo attended Lorenzo's school and was influenced by many prominent people who modified and expanded his ideas on art, following the dominant Platonic view of that age, and even his feelings about sexuality. It was during this period that Michelangelo met literary personalities like Pico della Mirandola, Angelo Poliziano and Marsilio Ficino.In this period Michelangelo finished Madonna of the Steps (1490–1492) and Battle of the Centaurs (1491–1492). The latter was based on a theme suggested by Poliziano and was commissioned by Lorenzo de Medici. After the death of Lorenzo on April 8, 1492, for whom Michelangelo had become a kind of son, Michelangelo left the Medici court. In the following months he produced a Wooden crucifix (1493), as a thanksgiving gift to the prior of the church of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito who had permitted him some studies of anatomy on the corpses of the church's Hospital. Between 1493 and 1494 he bought the marble for a larger than life statue of Hercules, which was sent to France and disappeared sometime in the 1700s. He could again enter the court on January 20, 1494, Piero de Medici commissioned a snow statue from him. But that year the Medici were expelled from Florence after the Savonarola rise, and Michelangelo also left the city before the end of the political upheaval, moving to Venice and then to Bologna. He did stay in Florence for a while hiding in a small room underneath San Lorenzo that can still be visited to this day. There are still some charcoal sketches on the walls which Michelangelo drew from his memory.Here he was commissioned to finish the carving of the last small figures of the tomb and shrine of St. Dominic, in the church with the same name. He returned to Florence at the end of 1494, but soon he fled again, scared by the turmoil and by the menace of the French invasion.He was again in his city between the end of 1495 and the June of 1496: whereas Leonardo da Vinci considered the ruling Savonarola a fanatic and left the city, Michelangelo was touched by the friar's preaching, by the associated moral severity and by the hope of renovation of the Roman Church. In that year a marble Cupid by Michelangelo was treacherously sold to Cardinal Raffaele Riario as an ancient piece: the prelate found out that it was a fraud, but was so impressed by the quality of the sculpture that he invited the artist to Rome, where he arrived on June 26, 1496. On July 4 Michelangelo started to carve an over-life-size statue of the Roman wine god, Bacchus, commissioned by Cardinal Raffaele Riario; the work was rejected by the cardinal, and subsequently entered the collection of the banker Jacopo Galli, for his garden.Michelangelo's Pietà was carved in 1499, when the sculptor was 24 years old.Subsequently, in November of 1497, the French ambassador in the Holy See commissioned one of his most famous works, the Pietà. The contemporary opinion about this work — "a revelation of all the potentialities and force of the art of sculpture" — was summarised by Vasari: "It is certainly a miracle that a formless block of stone could ever have been reduced to a perfection that nature is scarcely able to create in the flesh."The contract was stipulated in the August of the following year. Though he devoted himself only to sculpture, during his first stay in Rome Michelangelo never stopped his daily practice of drawing. In Rome, Michelangelo lived near the church of Santa Maria di Loreto: here, according to the legends, he fell in love (probably a Platonic love) with Vittoria Colonna, marquise of Pescara and poet. His house was demolished in 1874, and the remaining architectural elements saved by new proprietors were destroyed in 1930. Today a modern reconstruction of Michelangelo's house can be seen on the Gianicolo hill.[edit] Michelangelo's David Michelangelo created the colossal statue of David, one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.Main article: David (Michelangelo)Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1499–1501. Things were changing in the city after the fall of Savonarola and the rise of the gonfaloniere Pier Soderini. He was asked by the consuls of the Guild of Wool to complete an unfinished project begun 40 years earlier by Agostino di Duccio: a colossal statue portraying David as a symbol of Florentine freedom, to be placed in the Piazza della Signoria, in front of the Palazzo Vecchio. Michelangelo responded by completing his most famous work, David in 1504. This masterwork, created out of marble from the quarries at Carrara, definitively established his prominence as a sculptor of extraordinary technical skill and strength of symbolic imagination.Also during this period, Michelangelo painted the Holy Family and St John, also known as the Doni Tondo or the Holy Family of the Tribune: it was commissioned for the marriage of Angelo Doni and Maddalena Strozzi and in the 17th Century hung in the room known as the Tribune in the Uffizi. He also may have painted the Madonna and Child with John the Baptist, known as the Manchester Madonna and now in the National Gallery, London.[edit] Under Pope Julius II in Rome: the Sistine Chapel ceilingMain article: Sistine Chapel ceiling Michelangelo painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.In 1505 Michelangelo was invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II. He was commissioned to build the Pope's tomb. Under the patronage of the Pope, Michelangelo had to constantly stop work on the tomb in order to accomplish numerous other tasks. Because of these interruptions, Michelangelo worked on the tomb for 40 years. The tomb, of which the central feature is Michelangelo's statue of Moses, was never finished to Michelangelo's satisfaction. It is located in the Church of S. Pietro in Vincoli in Rome.The major interruption on the tomb was the commission to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, which took approximately four years to complete (1508 – 1512). According to Michelangelo's own account, reproduced in contemporary biographies, Bramante and Raphael convinced the Pope to commission Michelangelo in a medium not familiar to the artist, in order that he might be diverted from his preference for sculpture into fresco painting, and thus suffer from unfavorable comparisons with his rival Raphael. However, this story is discounted by modern historians on the grounds of contemporary evidence, and may be merely a reflection of the artist's own perspective.Michelangelo was originally commissioned to paint the 12 Apostles, but protested for a different and more complex scheme, representing Creation, the Downfall of Man and the Promise of Salvation through the prophets and Genealogy of Christ. The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel which represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic ChurchThe composition eventually contained over 300 figures and had at its centre nine episodes from the Book of Genesis, divided into three groups: God's Creation of the Earth; God's Creation of Humankind and their fall from God's grace; and lastly, the state of Humanity as represented by Noah and his family. On the pendentives supporting the ceiling are painted twelve men and women who prophesied the coming of the Jesus. They are seven prophets of Israel and five Sibyls, prophetic women of the Classical world.Among the most famous paintings on the ceiling are the Creation of Adam, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, the Great Flood, the Prophet Isaiah and the Cumaean Sibyl. Around the windows are painted the ancestors of Christ.[edit] Under Medici Popes in Florence Michelangelo's Moses.In 1513 Pope Julius II died and his successor Pope Leo X, a Medici, commissioned Michelangelo to reconstruct the façade of the basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence and to adorn it with sculptures. Michelangelo agreed reluctantly. The three years he spent in creating drawings and models for the facade, as well as attempting to open a new marble quarry at Pietrasanta specifically for the project, were among the most frustrating in his career, as work was abruptly cancelled by his financially-strapped patrons before any real progress had been made. The basilica lacks a facade to this day.Apparently not the least embarrassed by this turnabout, the Medici later came back to Michelangelo with another grand proposal, this time for a family funerary chapel in the basilica of San Lorenzo. Fortunately for posterity, this project, occupying the artist for much of the 1520s and 1530s, was more fully realized. Though still incomplete, it is the best example we have of the integration of the artist's sculptural and architectural vision, since Michelangelo created both the major sculptures as well as the interior plan. Ironically the most prominent tombs are those of two rather obscure Medici who died young, a son and grandson of Lorenzo. Il Magnifico himself is buried in an unfinished and comparatively unimpressive tomb on one of the side walls of the chapel, not given a free-standing monument, as originally intended.Michelangelo's The Last Judgment. Saint Bartholomew is shown holding the knife of his martyrdom and his flayed skin. The face of the skin is recognizable as Michelangelo.In 1527, the Florentine citizens, encouraged by the sack of Rome, threw out the Medici and restored the republic. A siege of the city ensued, and Michelangelo went to the aid of his beloved Florence by working on the city's fortifications from 1528 to 1529. The city fell in 1530 and the Medici were restored to power. Completely out of sympathy with the repressive reign of the ducal Medici, Michelangelo left Florence for good in the mid-1530s, leaving assistants to complete the Medici chapel. Years later his body was brought back from Rome for interment at the Basilica di Santa Croce, fulfilling the maestro's last request to be buried in his beloved Tuscany.[edit] Last works in Rome Michelangelo designed the dome of St. Peter's Basilica, although it was unfinished when he died.The fresco of The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel was commissioned by Pope Clement VII, who died shortly after assigning the commission. Paul III was instrumental in seeing that Michelangelo began and completed the project. Michelangelo labored on the project from 1534 to October 1541. The work is massive and spans the entire wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel. The Last Judgment is a depiction of the second coming of Christ and the apocalypse; where the souls of humanity rise and are assigned to their various fates, as judged by Christ, surrounded by the Saints.Once completed, the depictions of nakedness in the papal chapel was considered obscene and sacrilegious, and Cardinal Carafa and Monsignor Sernini (Mantua's ambassador) campaigned to have the fresco removed or censored, but the Pope resisted. After Michelangelo's death, it was decided to obscure the genitals ("Pictura in Cappella Ap.ca coopriantur"). So Daniele da Volterra, an apprentice of Michelangelo, was commissioned to cover with perizomas (briefs) the genitals, leaving unaltered the complex of bodies (see details[3]). When the work was restored in 1993, the conservators chose not to remove all the perizomas of Daniele, leaving some of them as a historical document, and because some of Michelangelo’s work was previously scraped away by the touch-up artist's application of “decency” to the masterpiece. A faithful uncensored copy of the original, by Marcello Venusti, can be seen at the Capodimonte Museum of Naples.Censorship always followed Michelangelo, once described as "inventor delle porcherie" ("inventor of obscenities", in the original Italian language referring to "pork things"). The infamous "fig-leaf campaign" of the Counter-Reformation, aiming to cover all representations of human genitals in paintings and sculptures, started with Michelangelo's works. To give two examples, the marble statue of Cristo della Minerva (church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome) was covered by added drapery, as it remains today, and the statue of the naked child Jesus in Madonna of Bruges (The Church of Our Lady in Bruges, Belgium) remained covered for several decades.In 1546, Michelangelo was appointed architect of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, and designed its dome. As St. Peter's was progressing there was concern that Michelangelo would pass away before the dome was finished. However, once building commenced on the lower part of the dome, the supporting ring, the completion of the design was inevitable.[edit] Michelangelo the architect Michelangelo's own tomb, at Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, FlorenceMichelangelo worked on many projects that had been conceived by other men, most notably in his work at St Peter's Basilica, Rome. The Campidoglio, designed by Michelangelo during the same period, rationalized the structures and spaces of Rome's Capitoline Hill. Its shape, more a rhomboid than a square, was intended to counteract the effects of perspective.The major Florentine architectural projects by Michelangelo are the unexecuted façade for the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence and the Medici Chapel (Capella Medicea) and Laurentian Library there, and the fortifications of Florence.The major Roman projects are St. Peter's, Palazzo Farnese, San Giovanni de' Fiorentini and the Sforza Chapel (Capella Sforzesca), Porta Pia and Santa Maria degli Angeli.[edit] Laurentian LibraryAround 1530 Michelangelo designed the Laurentian Library in Florence, attached to the church of San Lorenzo. He produced new styles such as pilasters tapering thinner at the bottom, and a staircase with contrasting rectangular and curving forms.[edit] Medici ChapelMain article: Medici ChapelMichelangelo designed the Medici Chapel. The Medici Chapel has monuments in it dedicated to certain members of the Medici family. Michelangelo never finished it, so his pupils later completed it. Lorenzo the Magnificent was buried at the entrance wall of the Medici Chapel. Sculptures of the "Madonna and Child" and the Medici patron saints Cosmas and Damian were set over his burial. The "madonna and child" was Michelangelo's own work.[edit] Michelangelo the manMichelangelo, who was often arrogant with others and constantly dissatisfied with himself, saw art as originating from inner inspiration and from culture. In contradiction to the ideas of his rival, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo saw nature as an enemy that had to be overcome. The figures that he created are forceful and dynamic; each in its own space apart from the outside world. For Michelangelo, the job of the sculptor was to free the forms that were already inside the stone. He believed that every stone had a sculpture within it, and that the work of sculpting was simply a matter of chipping away all that was not a part of the statue.