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In my final essay, I want to probe the conflictions and entanglements of the three prisoners in the hell from the play No Exit by Satre. Those three were sent to hell with one common purpose, which is to try to avoid the torture and pains in the purgatory. In another word, they want to realize some kind of release and gain freedom. In my opinion, what the author wants to present in his play is this, that is in the confined environment, the futility of their attempts and the final failure. There are no instruments for torture in the hell, nor fire or mirrors. The only torment and restriction is from their relationships. They are exposed to each other's eyesight. There is no night, and such gaze is enternal and unavoidable. Garcin attempted to prove his bravery and tried to achieve his release from others' attention. While as to Estelle, she can not get any sincere answers because she tried to persuade Ines to achieve her own release. Estelle felt nervous without a mirror and she doubted her own real existence. As an edeomania, she can only get proof of her charm and existence from men. Therefore, the only man Garcin became her saver. In contrast, Ines is quite different from the two. It is safe to say that the former two characters are willing to be dominated by others' sight, Inges is eager to control other people through her eyes. On the one hand, she takes Estelle as a pray and demanded her to be her mirror and criteria for judging herself, on the other hand she coldly reveals the cowardice of Garcin and leaves him no peace and threatens him to give Estelle no rest. In such a way, "others' sight" becomes torturing instrumentsand fires. They torture each other with their own schemes and tricks so that none of them can achieve release and freedom. "L'enfer, c'est les autres.". Satre reveals the circumstances of human beings. In his play "There is Nowhere to Go", he portrayed three recently dead in the hell... solving their own problems. They depended on each other in search of solace and fake warmth. 仅供参考，欢迎指正
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两篇英文proposal。网址 Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997Introduction Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my qualifications.Statement of Problem On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site. There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain. Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water. Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the environment.Objectives I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals: (1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and (2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than 1.7 billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible. After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of Action This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research. The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989]. A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995]. Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary audience.Management Plan This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience. Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5. Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20. I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached resume.Conclusion More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from U.S. commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December 5.References Clark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, vol.274, (November1996), pp. 913-914. Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989). Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762. Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, vol.268, (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.
xuliduruixue
英语情景对话的创设为学生创造了丰富的生活场景和交流话题,有效地调动了学生练习英语口语的兴趣。我精心收集了商务英语情景对话剧本，供大家欣赏学习!
约翰: I can promise you that, if you buy our product, you will be getting quality.
我可以向你保证.如果你买了我们的产品.你会得到好品质.
萨姆: I've looked at your units, and I am very happy with them. Your goods are all far above standard quality.
我看过你们的单件.我很满意.你们的商品质量高过标准质量.
约翰: We spend a lot of money to make sure that our quality is much better. We don't sacrifice quality for quick profits.
我们投入了大量的资金来确保质量一流.我们不会为了即期利润而有损质量.
萨姆: Well, we're really interested in placing an order under negotiation. We can start the negotiations as soon as you want.
是的.我方真的很愿意谈判后就订货.你们想谈判的话我们随时都可以.
约翰: That's great. I'm glad we'll be able to do business together. I'll have some quotes ready for you by tomorrow morning.
那最好不过了.我很高兴我们能在一起做生意.到明天早晨我方将为您准备好一些报价单.
萨姆: Fine. Also, would you mind if I asked to see a surveyor's report of your products? I may have a few more questions about your quality analysis.
很好.还有.您不介意我要求看一下你方产品的检查报告吧.对你们的质量分析我可能还有一些问题.
萨拉: Put on the helmet, please.
请戴上安全帽.
乔伊: Do we need to put on the jackets too?
我们还得穿上罩衣吗?
萨拉: You'd better, to protect your clothes. Now please watch your step.
最好穿上.以免弄脏你的衣服.请留神脚下.
乔伊: Thank you. Is the production line fully automated?
谢谢.生产线都是全自动的吗?
萨拉: Well, not fully automated.
哦.不是全部自动的.
乔伊: I see. How do you control the quality?
哦.那你们如何控制质量呢?
萨拉: All products have to go through five checks in the whole manufacturing process.
所有产品在整个生产过程中都必须通过五道质量检查关.
乔伊: What's the monthly output?
月产量多少?
萨拉: One thousand units per month now. But we'll be making 1,200 units beginning with October.
目前每月一千套.但从十月份开始每月将为一千二百套.
乔伊: What's your usual percentage of rejects?
每月不合格率通常是多少?
萨拉: About 2% in normal operations.
正常情况下为2%左右.
乔伊: That's wonderful. Is that where the finished products come off?
那太了不起了.成品从那边出来吗?
萨拉: Yes. Shall we take a break now?
是的.现在我们稍微休息一下吧.
亚历山大: I'm interested in all kinds of your products, but this time I would like to order some fireworks and mosquito coil incense. Please quote us C.I.F., Rangoon.
我对你们所有的产品都感兴趣.但这次我想购买烟火和蚊香.请报CIF仰光到岸价.
布鲁斯: Please let us know the quantity required so that we can work out the premium and freight charges.
请你说明需求数量.以便我们计算出保险费和运费.
亚历山大: I'm going to place a trial order for 1,000 units of a dozen fireworks and 500 cartons of mosquito coil incense.
我们打算试订一千打烟火和五百箱蚊香.
布鲁斯: All right. Here are our F.O.B. price lists. All the prices are subject to our final confirmation.
好吧!这是我们的FOB价目表.所有的价格都以我方最后确认为准.
亚历山大: Your price is reasonable but I wonder if you would give us a discount. You know for the products like yours we usually get 2% or 3% discount from European suppliers.
你方的价格很合理.但我想知道你们能否给一个折扣?像这样的商品.我们通常从欧洲供货商那里得到百分之二到百分之三的折扣.
布鲁斯: We usually offer on a net basis only. Many of our clients have been doing very well on this quoted price.
我们通常只报净价.我们的许多客户在这个报价上都做得很好.
亚历山大: Discounts will more or less encourage us to make every effort to push sales of your products.
折扣或多或少能给我们一些鼓励.能使我们更加努力地推销贵方的产品.
布鲁斯: The quantity you ordered is much smaller than those of others. If you can manage to boost it a bit, we'll consider giving you a better discount.
你们订的数量比其它客户少很多.如果你们能试着增加一点数量.我们会考虑给予适当折扣.
亚历山大: As far as a trial order is concerned, the quantity is by no means small. And generally speaking, we like to profit from a trial order. I hope you'll be able to meet our requirements.
做为试购.这个数量绝不算少了.一般来说.试购总应得到些利润.希望你方能满足我们的要求.
布鲁斯: Well, as this is the first deal between us, we agree to give you an one-percent discount as a special encouragement.
由于这是我们的第一次交易.我们同意作为特殊照顾给予你们百分之一的折扣.
亚历山大: 1%? That's too low a rate. Could you see your way to increase it to 2%?
百分之一?那太少了.能不能想办法增加到百分之二?
布鲁斯: I'm afraid we have really made a great concession, and could not go any further.
恐怕不行了.我们确实已做出了很大让步.无法再增加了.
亚历山大: It seems this is the only proposal for me to accept. I'll come again tomorrow to discuss it in detail.
看来.这是我唯一能接受的条件了.明天我再来和你们讨论细节问题.
布鲁斯: All right. See you tomorrow.
好吧!明天见.
