英语周报高三答案

Managementand Organisation BehaviourPeople always pay attention to their work, company should be bettermotivate employees to make positive contribution, it is an important role ofmanagement. Motivation mainly refers to the psychological processes stimulatehuman motivation. In other words, motivation is the set of forces thatinitiates, directs and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish agoal (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory says thatbehaviour is a function of its consequences, that behaviours followed bypositive consequences will occur more frequently and that behaviours followedby negative consequences, will occur le ss frequently (McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Reinforcement theory has two parts: reinforcementcontingencies and schedules of reinforcement. Reinforcement contingency is thecause-and-effect relationship between the performance of a specific behaviourand a specific consequence(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). There are fourreinforcement contingencies: positive reinforcement、negative reinforcement、 punishment and extinction. Thisessay will introduce the four reinforcement contingencies, explain the advantages and disadvantages of thefour reinforcement contingencies. And refers to an example of Losada and Heaphy(2004) to show how reinforcement theory works and how it can be used tomotivate. Positive reinforcement that strengthensbehaviour by following behaviours with desirable consequences(McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Which simply means, thepositive reinforcement is to reward those who meet the organizational goals, sothat these behaviours are further strengthened thus conducive to therealization of the organization’s goal. Positive reinforcement always occurs onthe workplace. For example: when a person is rewarded to encourage behaviours,the person will feel happy, at the same time, the behaviour of this person willincrease both in terms of reaction strength and speed. So that we can see thebehaviour will bring some results, these results will also affect our nextstep. Positive reinforcement occurs when the result of the action leads us toan increase in the probability of that behaviour. In positive reinforcement,the behaviour of the result is positive which can motivate people to work andget reward. For example, an employee who is praised for his work report ofspecific type will continue to direct his energies toward that report in thefuture(Scott et. al, 1988 ). Positive reinforcement is common in the workplace.Managers may encourage or reward for completing a project task in a timely, andthe employee deal with customer well, he will get up position when challengescome up. A good example of Losada and Heaphy (2004), though study Losada andHeaphy (2004) shows that the ratio of high performance team is 5.614, moderateperformance team is 1.855 and low performance team is 0.363. In other words,this study found that management teams were most successful when theircommunication consisted of approximately 85 percent positive comments and 15percent negative comments (Losada and Heaphy 2004). The findings of thisresearch shows that the advantage of positive reinforcement is can improveemployees’ performance. If employees are guided by positive reinforcement inthe workplace, they can suffer from much more stress and they will perform forlonger periods. Positive reinforcement helps managers builds relationships withemployees, communicates with them and through builds confidence to motivate andcoaches them to achieve organizational goals. Positive reinforcement willcreate a more pleasurable experience at work. At the same time also to avoidthe negatives effects associated with punishment or negative reinforcement, forexample: dismay, anger and depression. And the disadvantages of positivereinforcement is not always good. Too much positive reinforcement will lead tofatigue state because of the too much praise, which reduces the lowerperformance. On the contrary, negative reinforcement isnot always bad. Negative reinforcement always confused with punishment.Negative reinforcement is reinforcement that strengthens behaviour bywithholding on unpleasant consequence when employees perform a specificbehaviour (McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Negative reinforcement also knowns as avoidance learning (McWilliams,A& Williams C2014). Like positivereinforcement, the condition of the negative reinforcement is to stop or avoidthe behaviour of the result or to increase the frequency of these actions bythe withdrawal or weakening of the original negative stimuli or conditions.Negative reinforcement methods include revocation of criticism, punishment,degradation and so on, sometimes to restore the bonus is also a negativereinforcement. Negative reinforcement is to strengthen the specific behaviourby experiencing the results of the negative state. Negative reinforcement isoften used in education or enterprises. For example: some enterprises in theperformance feedback process, let those with poor performance staff check theirdeficiency on the meeting, this is actually a kind of punishment, those peoplenot come to power the negative reinforcement; some enterprises make higherperformance staff to share their successful experience on the meeting, to givereward, this is positive reinforcement, and those without people came to powerby the negative punishment. The negative punishment provides the direction ofthe efforts of the staff. In some context, a behaviour might be seen aspositive whereas in some other it might be categorized ad negative(Miguel 2001,p.99). Study Losada and Heaphy (2004), these authors communicate with 60 teamsthrough positive or negative. the result showed there are 15 percent negativecomments(Losada and Heaphy 2004). It is evidencing that the relationship betweenpositive and negative behaviour are very important. Therefore, we can see thatwhether commercial or non-commercial organization to a great extent, it isrecommended to use positive reinforcement. the advantages of negativereinforcement that can increase behaviour and provides compliance to minimumsstandards of performance(Joyce Bruce 1972). And the disadvantages of negativereinforcement that only produces enough to meet minimums. People experiencingnegative reinforcement will only work as hand as they have to in order to avoidthe consequences; does not encourage their manimum effort. By contrast, punishment is not like negativereinforcement. Punishment reinforcement that weakens behaviour by followingbehaviours with undesirable consequences(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014 ). Punishment occurs in oneof two possible way: somthing undesirable can be applied to the unwantedbehaviour or something desirable can be withdrawn(Villere& Hertman 1991,p.28). Toyota is a good example, this is a recall on quality issues, we can sawa decade low in sales and market share decline for the first time in years, andfor the first time in 5o years. Because this kind of situation, Toyota of theCOE and other top management will be deducted 10% of wages, and to confiscatetheir bonuses(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Punishement is often used in education. Theadvantages of punishment that it helps to deter. Punishment can help to makethe students seriously their studies, also help to keep students under control.It will make very stubborn child obedience to authority, because they fear thatif they do not the right thing, they might be beaten. And punishment has moredisadvantages, for instance: it can sometimes backfire, it sometimes makechildren not longer afraid. Punishment in the student’s mind will produce aserious fear, it is easy to make theme drop out of school. And human rightsgroups and advocate want to consider the world’s children’s physicalpunishment, which they believe is a form of child abuse. Extinction is a reinforcement strategy inwhich a positive consequence is no longer allowed to follow a previouslyreinforced behaviour, thus weakening the behaviour(McWilliams,A &Williams C2014). An extensive review ofthe literature by Hamner(1983) on motivation indicates that the most productivereinforcement programmers use a maximum amount of positive reinforcement and aminimum amount of punishment(Villere & Hartman 1991, p.28). Through removethe positive consequence, extinction weakens the behaviour, making it lesslikely to occur(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). Based on positive reinforcement ideas, when acompany performed well, most companies will give the company leaders andmanagers a lot of financial in return(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014 ). Based on the idea of extinction, you would thenexpect that leaders and managers would not be rewarded when companies performpoorly(McWilliams,A & Williams C2014). The advantage of extinction that is effectively reduce behaviour. Thedisadvantage of extinction that it may take a while for extinction to have aneffect.

2015-2016学年上学期高三外研综合（OT）第6期参考答案及解析 Book 2 Modules 5-6 参考答案及部分解析 参考答案 1-5 ACCCB 6-10BBACB 11-15 ACBCC 16-20ABACA 21-25 BCDCD 26-30CBCBC 31-35 DDCCD 36-40ACDEB 41-45 ACCDD 46-50BABCA 51-55 CDCBD 56-60ABADC 61. amazing 62. where 63. At 64.are decorated 65. performance 66.what 67. speaking 68.totally 69. a 70.to talk 短文改错： 71. ... the small boy ... the → a 72. ... was approached me ... 去掉was 73. ... an eagerly look ... eagerly → eager 74. ... they were cheaper. cheaper → cheap 75. ... any of their ... their → his 76. ... I gave the boy ... gave → give 77. ... couldn't bother us. couldn't → wouldn't 78. ... to my friends ... friends → friend 79. ... the boy think ... think前加to 80. ... by doing nothing. nothing → something One possible version: As we can see from the picture, a man istrying to dive into the water to save a drowning person but is stopped bysomeone else. Helping others in trouble is one of thetraditional virtues of the Chinese nation. However, many people won't do itnow. They think it might cause trouble to themselves and they don't think it'sworthwhile to save others at the risk of their own lives. They fail to thinkabout what others will do if they are in danger. Helping others is a kind of spirit manypeople lack now. Let's try our best to maintain it. 部分解析 阅读理 A篇（家庭） 本文是记叙文。一位美国士兵突然回家给家人带来惊喜。 21. B。细节理解题。由第三段中的The military no longer has leave, so if you come home you have topay for it可知，Kern这次回家是请了无薪假。 22. C。推理判断题。由第七段中的Pearl apparently didn't recognize her father and walked right pasthim可推断，Pearl见到父亲时像看到陌生人一样没有反应。 23. D。词义猜测题。由第十段开头的They gave him a full uniform and kept him in the back可推断，饭店方面支持并参与了这场精心策划的团聚。故划线部分的意思应该是“参与团聚”。 24. C。推理判断题。由第十段开头的They gave him a full uniform and kept him in the back可推断，Woldoff的婆婆之所以没有认出Kern来是因为他穿着服务员的制服。 B篇（饮食） 本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了泡菜如何成为三明治的必备配菜。 25. D。细节理解题。由第二段中的The pickle became popular in the U.S. though when the first Jewishimmigrants came to New York可知。 26. C。细节理解题。由第二段中的used the pickle as a palate cleanser. The acidity allows you toexperience the sharp contrast in flavors and more fully appreciate the taste ofyour sandwich可知，泡菜被用来充当味觉清洁剂的作用。故C项正确。 27. B。段落大意题。由第三段开头的the pickle's popularity grew及下文提到的“泡菜战争”和泡菜节可推断，本段主要讲泡菜越来越受欢迎。 28. C。推理判断题。由最后一段中的the pickle is now the most commonly used side dish for a sandwichand the combination makes up the majority of all pickle consumption可推断，大部分泡菜被用作三明治的配菜。 C篇（交通） 本文是议论文。文章建议立法者通过禁止司机使用手持电话的提案。 29. B。篇章结构题。由下文的in the Legislature's Transportation Committee last week opposing aproposal可推断，划线词指代立法者。作者开篇幽默地挖苦立法者因为被手机干扰而没有做出正确的决断。 30. C。细节理解题。由第三段中的unless the driver is typing or reading a text message, he can't bepunished可知，在缅因州司机开车时读短信属于分心驾驶，会被惩罚。 31. D。细节理解题。由第七段末的Both devices, researchers say, require the same amount of mentalfocus to use可知，这项研究表明使用免提装置和手持电话所需要的精力差不多。 32. D。写作目的题。由第一段末的to ban the use of hand-held cellphones by drivers及最后一段末的They should take a step thisyear可推断，作者写作此文是为了建议缅因州通过关于司机使用手持电话的禁令。 D篇（社会） 本文是说明文。南极企鹅邮局的工作吸引了很多申请者。 33. C。细节理解题。由第二段中的taking care of the 70,000 cards posted each year可知。 34. C。细节理解题。由第三段中的One reason for the increase in applications ... was the airing ofthe documentary Penguin Post Office可知，纪录片的播放是申请者增多的原因之一。 35. D。推理判断题。由第五段末的Above all, successful candidates need to be passionate about theAntarctic可推断，这项工作最重要的条件是申请者要对南极有强烈的热爱。 七选五： 话题：科普知识 本文是说明文。文章解释了挠痒痒会越挠越痒的原因。 36. A。A项与上文的Got anitch?相呼应，并且下文的Scratchingan itch can make it worse与A项是因果关系。 37. C。C项与上文的causes amild sensation of pain及下文的Yet pain signals that travel to your brain relieve the itching onlytemporarily相呼应。 38. D。根据第一段末的serotonin, which makes the itching more intense及此空前的serotonin ... moving frompain-sensing nerve cells to those that influence itch intensity可推断，挠痒痒的结果是使血清素从有痛感的神经细胞转移到影响痒的强度的神经细胞，从而使人感觉更痒。故D项正确。 39. E。E项与下文的Notexactly, says Chen. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter. It is involved in growth,aging, and mood regulation. Blocking serotonin would ... 相呼应。 40. B。B项与上文的Theresearchers are looking for other ways to break the cycle so they can helppeople with itchy conditions. One possibility ... 相呼应。 完形填空： 话题：个人情况 本文是记叙文。文章讲述了一位巡警救牧羊犬的故事。 41. A。由上文的rescued a German shepherd可推断，此处是说Ague扛着一只“狗（dog）”。 42. C。由下文的Amazing people still do exist可推断，Ague救狗的照片获得了很多“赞赏的（admiring）”评论。 43. C。由上文的posted to Facebook可推断，该评论是脸谱网的一位使用者“写（wrote）”的。 44. D。由下文的involved in the crash可知，附近发生了一起交通“事故（accident）”。 45. D。事故中的两只狗从“现场（scene）”逃走了。 46. B。由倒数第五段中的She ran two miles from the crash可知，有人看到一只德国牧羊犬在“跑（running）”。 47. A。从当时的位置来看，巡警可以“确定（tell）”狗朝西跑了。 48. B。由第一段中的patrol officer可知，Ague的同事也是“警察（officers）”。 49. C。巡警们让狗停下来，“但是（but）”每次巡逻车一停下狗就跑开了。 50. A。由下文的Mya ... stopped running及倒数第三段末的to her owner's car可推断，巡警们给狗的“主人（owner）”打了电话。 51. C。主人到了以后，狗“终于（finally）”不跑了。 52. D。由上文的the dog wouldn't move at all可推断，Ague意识到狗“有毛病了（wrong）”。 53. C。由下文的the skin on her feet was hanging off可推断，狗的脚受伤了，不“能（could）”动了。 54. B。“由于（due to）”狗跑得太远，结果脚受伤了。 55. D。意识到狗不能动后，Ague想到的“唯一（only）”能做的事就是把狗扛起来。 56. A。由上文的pick her up可知。 57. B。由第二段中的Nick Ague carrying the ... 可知。 58. A。由上文的Mya's feet were already healed可推断，现在狗可以“正常地（normally）”走动了。 59. D。由Ague救狗的事例可以推断他是一个狂热的动物“爱好者（lover）”。 60. C。事故之后，Ague一心只想着“救（saving）”狗。 语法填空： 61. amazing。考查形容词。设空处作表语，意为“令人惊异的”，故填amazing。 62. where。考查关系词。设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词setting，且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 63. At。考查介词。at present是固定搭配，意为“目前，现在”。 64. are decorated。考查时态和语态。teahouses与decorate之间是被动关系，且由at present可知，此处用一般现在时，故填are decorated。 65. performance。考查名词。由设空处前面的不定冠词可知，此处应填名词performance。 66. what。考查连接词。设空处引导主语从句且在从句中作宾语，故填what。 67. speaking。考查非谓语动词。generally speaking意为“一般来说”。 68. totally。考查副词。设空处修饰形容词different，故填副词totally。 69. a。考查冠词。as a matter of fact是固定搭配， 意为“事实上”。 70. to talk。考查非谓语动词。此处用不定式短语表示目的。 选做题参考答案及解析 参考答案 I. 1-5 ACDAC II. 1-5 DAACB 6-10ABCCD 11-15 BCDCA 16-20 CCBDA 解析 阅读理 话题：科普知识 本文是说明文。文章介绍了抗生素的发明和滥用情况。 1. A。推理判断题。由第一段中的forgetting to clean several bacteria-filled dishes he had left by awindow ... mold growing in one of the dishes seemed to have destroyed thebacteria可推断，青霉素的发现纯属意外。 2. C。推理判断题。由第二段中的Fleming's discovery changed medicine forever及Antibiotics were called “the wonder drug.”可推断，青霉素的发明是医学上的一大突破。 3. D。细节理解题。由第四段中的he explained that some of the bugs in his lab were already resistantto penicillin. Use antibiotics cautiously, he warned可知，Fleming领奖时表达了他对抗生素使用的担忧。 4. A。推理判断题。由第五段中的half of all antibiotics go to people who don't need them及第六段末的About 80 percent of antibioticsin the U.S. go to farm animals, not people可推断，抗生素被滥用了。 5. C。推理判断题。由最后一段中的When you're teaching someone how to box, if you don't knock him out,he will become a stronger, smarter boxer及The same thing happens with bacteria可推断，拳击时如果不把对方打倒，对方就会变得更强大；同样地，如果抗生素不能杀死细菌，细菌的抗药性就会变得更强。 完形填空： 话题：健康 本文是说明文。研究表明一般而言人们每天的最佳睡眠时长是七个小时，但具体情况因人而异。 1. D。由本段末的the average suitable amount of sleep across the wholepopulation is actually closer to seven hours可推断，每晚睡八个小时的说法并不完全“正确（true）”。 2. A。由上文的a solid eight hours of sleep可推断，此处是指“睡眠（sleep）”的时间。 3. A。平均而言，人们合理的睡眠时间接近“每晚（nightly）”七个小时。 4. C。适量的睡眠“可以使（allows）”一个人醒来时精神焕发。 5. B。由下文的or other stimulants可推断，此处是指一种能让人兴奋的东西。故选coffee。 6. A。由下文的and found that those individuals who were asleep ... 可推断，这项研究“分析了（analyzed）”一些关于睡眠的记录。 7. B。由第一段末的According to a wide variety of studies, the average suitable amountof sleep across the whole population is actually closer to seven hours可推断，每晚睡七个小时的人比每晚睡八个小时及以上的人长寿。故选lived。 8. C。上文强调合理的睡眠时间对健康的影响，而下文则是另一种截然相反的观点，即强调健康状况影响个体的睡眠时间。故选However。 9. C。由下文的study subjects' poor health可推断，此处应是说长时间的睡眠可能是“健康（health）”状况欠佳的标志。 10. D。由上文的Long sleep may be a marker of poor ... In other words可推断，身体不适可能是引起过度睡眠的原因。故选causing。 11. B。睡九个小时及以上和睡五个小时及以下对人体一样“有害（harmful）”。 12. C。13. D。由第一段中的theamount of ... you need is totally unique to you及最后一段中的the correct amount of sleep for you可推断，很“重要的（important）”一点是我们要注意到没有一项研究会告诉一个人他“自己（personally）”需要多长时间的睡眠。 14. C。由下文可知，Dr. Watson建议通过即将到来的假期“算出（figure out）”自己需要的睡眠时间。 15. A。Dr. Watson建议人们假期里“尝试（Try）”每晚在同一时间睡觉。 16. C。由下文的unlimited sleeping in可推断，Dr. Watson建议人们在“没有（without）”闹钟的情况下自然醒来。 17. C。采用Dr. Watson的方法，你应该就能知道自己“理想的（ideal）”睡眠时间。 18. B。由下文的The first few nights you may sleep eight to nine hours ... from theweek可推断，这种计算睡眠时间的方法在“周末（weekend）”不一定有效。 19. D。“如果（if）”你经历了很疲倦的一周，那么最初的几个晚上你可能会睡八到九个小时。 20. A。由下文的or sleep deprived可推断，此处是说非常“疲倦的（tired）”。