快乐的精灵王
名词的词形变化1.不规则复数形式1）来自古英语的复数形式，如：child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth goose---geeseman---men woman---women mouse---mice louse---liceox---oxen penny---pence analysis---analyses appendix---appendicesparenthesis---parentheses basis---bases ellipsis---ellipsesaxis---axes hypothesis---hypotheses oasis---oases crisis----crisescriterion---criteria phenomenon---phenomena datum---data medium---mediabacterium---bacteria nucleus---nuclei fungus---fungi stimulus---stimulialumnus---alumni focus---foci radius---radii terminus---terminilarva---larvae alga---algae formula---formulae＃当代美国英语中往往把data当做单数用，因此常见到复数形式datas。另外，lens是一个单数可数名词，其复数形式为lenses。1）词尾读音为[f]并以－f或0－fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况： a）规则形式：belief---beliefs chief----chiefs cliff----cliffs grief----griefsb）不规则形式，即把－f或－fe变成－v，再加－es,读音为[vz]:calf---calves half---halves leaf----leaves life----livesloaf---loaves self---shelves thief---thieves wife---wiveswolf---wolvesc）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：dwarf---dwarfs/dwarves hoof---hoofs/hovesscarf---scarfs/scarves wharf---wharfs/wharves3）词干以－o结尾的名次有三种情况：a）附属形式为－s：这类词包括缩略词kilos,photos；表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos,Eskimos以及radios,solos,sopranos, studiosb）复数形式为－es，如：heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,Negroes。c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式，如：cargo---cargos/cargoes mosquito---mosquitos/mosquitoes volcano---volacbos/volcanoes2.单复数同形的名词 1）某些动物名词，如：deer,grouse,salmon,trout,carp,bison,sheep等2）以－ese或－ss结尾的表示民族或国籍的名词，如：Chinses,Japanese,Portuguese,Swiss,Vietnamese等3）某些以－s结尾的名词，如：barracks,corps,crossroads,gallows,headquarters,means,series,species,works等4）某些表示计量单位的名词，如：horsepower,hertz,kilohertz,li,mu等其他一些名词，如：aircraft,spacercarft,craft,offspring等。其中请特别注意－s结尾的单复数同形的名词，它们是考试的重点！！3.不可数名词不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！例如下列用法均属错误：the mathematics the banking a cloth an equipment不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。如：Water is important.但如果不可数名词前面被piece,drop,set等词修饰时，谓语应该与piece,drop,set等的单复数形式保持一致例如：Few drops of water are needed to save the flower.下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！！air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,salt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,bread,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,happiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,laughter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progress,room,work,homework,population,percent,mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physics,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,English,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics,obsterics请特别注意其中以－s结尾的不可数名词，大家平时应该积累遇到的不可数名词！！注意下列可数名词！！ poet poem essay newspaper machine weapon scene photograph photographer英语中有许多名词既可作可数，又可作不可数。如:hair作“人或动物的毛”的时候是可数名词，作头发解释时是不可数名词。判断一个词是否可数，除了记忆以外， 主要看题中该名词的修饰词来决定。如：much只能修饰不可数名词 4.单数形式和复数形式的词义不同的名词英语中有些名词的复数形式的词义不同于单数形式，如：air(空气)---air(气派) arm(手臂)---arms(武器) ash(灰)---ashes(骨灰；废墟)authority(权利)---authorities(当局) cloth(织物)---clothes(衣服) content(含量)---contents(目录)custom(习惯)---customs(海关；关税) damage(损害)---damages(赔偿金) force(力量)---forces(武装部队)glass(玻璃)---glasses(眼镜) good(利益)---goods(货物) green(绿色)---greens(青菜) letter(字母)---letters(文学) manner(方式)---manners(举止，仪态) minute(分钟)---minutes(记录)pain(痛苦)---pains(劳苦) papaer(纸)---papers(文件) quarter(1/4)---quarter(宿舍)spectacle(光景)---spectacles(眼镜) spirit(精神)--- spirits(烈性酒) time(时间)---times(时代)water(水)---waters(水域) wood(木头)---woods(森林) work(工作)---works(工厂)总结 1.单数名词不能单独存在，一般前面应该有限定词修饰。2.不定冠词a/an永远只能修饰单数可数名词。3.every和each永远只能修饰单数可数名词。 但every+数词+复数名词是正确的，如：every ten years4.序数词后面一般使用单数可数名词。5.anther永远只修饰单数可数名词 但another+数词/few+复数名词是正确的，如：another eight years;another few books6.other通常修饰复数名词，也可修饰不可数名词。 但the other+is/was 单数名词或any other+单数名词是正确的，如 We have two girls in this team.One is Mary,the other is Alice. Henry Smith is taller than any other student in his class.7.下列词和短语只能修饰复数名词these,those,many,various,several,numerous,diverse,few,a few,both,a (good/large/great) number of,numbers of,one of8.大于1的词数只能修饰复数名词 ！！牢记的结构：one/two/many+of+限定词+复数名词！！ 9.只能修饰单数可数名词的词：one,anther,a/an,this,that,each,every,either,such a,many a！！注意！！many student以及many a student 10.只能修饰复数可数名词的词：>1的数字（two,six.....),hundred,thousand,million,both,several,many,few,a few,these,those,a (good/large/great) number ofnumbers of,the numberof,numbers of,numerous,various,diverse,a series of,a wide range of,a collevtion of11.只修饰不可数名词的词：much,little,a litter,a great deal of,a great amount of,a piece of,an article of12.既可修饰不可数又能修饰可数的词：all (of) a lot of some (of) lots of any (of)plenty of most (of) half (of) a wealth of (a) part ofenough (of) the rest of other one third of suchno a variety of
高@设计师
名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es.现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则\x09例词1\x09一般情况在词尾加-s\x09map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2\x09以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es\x09class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3\x09以-f或-fe结尾的词\x09变-f和-fe为v再加-es\x09leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives\x09\x09加-s\x09belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4\x09以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-es\x09party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5\x09以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-s\x09toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6\x09以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词\x09一般加-es\x09hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes\x09\x09不少外来词加-s\x09piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos\x09\x09两者皆可\x09zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7\x09以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s\x09radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8\x09以-th结尾的名词加-s\x09truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下：规则\x09例词1\x09改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式\x09man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2\x09单复数相同\x09sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin,3\x09只有复数形式\x09ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4\x09一些集体名词总是用作复数\x09people, police, cattle, staff5\x09部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）\x09audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6\x09复数形式表示特别含义\x09customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7\x09表示“某国人”\x09加-s\x09Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans\x09\x09单复数同形\x09Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese\x09\x09以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women\x09Englishmen, Frenchwomen8\x09合成名词\x09将主体名词变为复数\x09sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends\x09\x09无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数\x09grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches\x09\x09将两部分变为复数\x09women singers, men servants
游客小孩儿
一、可数名词都有单数和复数之分.一、规则的可数名词的复数变化规则：1.一般情况加 s ： book-- books mouth---mouths house---houses girl---girls2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x结尾的加 es ： class--- classes box----boxes match----matches 3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es： city---cities country----countries party----parties factory----factories 4.以 o 结尾的词 +es的只有以下词 ：heroes Negroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s radios, zoos, bamboos ,(pianos ,kilos photos)5.以f, fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es ： thief wife life knife wolf half leaf shelfThe thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in half of her life.二、名词词尾的读音规则：A． 在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s] cups, hats, cakes, roofs B. 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz] glasses, faces, roses.C.在其他情况下读作[z] beds days cities knives.D.以th结尾的词原来读[ ] 加词尾后多数读[ ] 如： mouth—mouths path—paths ; 但是也有不变化的,如： month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths.三、 不规则的可数名词的变化规则：1.man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese child—children, mouse—mice,2.单复数相同: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese Swiss. 3.以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化. man servant—men servants.
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