英语定语从句突破

定语从句的正确使用，也是很难把握的，因此在短文改错中会形成难点。难点主要有：关系代词和关系副词的分辨以及一些特殊引导词的使用，如whose, as等。 难点回顾：1. 关系代词和关系副词的区别：在判断和使用引导词时，我们主要采用以下方法：判成分、看指代。首先，判断引导词在定语从句中所作的成分，如果引导词作主语、宾语、表语或定语，就用关系代词that（作主语、宾语或表语）, which（作主语、宾语或定语）, who（作主语或宾语）, whom（作宾语）, as（作主语、宾语或表语）, whose（作定语），其中that, which, who, whom作宾语时，一般可省略; 如果作状语，就用关系副词when（作时间状语，相当于"介词+which"）, where（作地点状语, 相当于"介词+which"）, why（作原因状语, 相当于for which）。其次，看引导词指代什么，如果指物，就用which; 如果指人，就用 who, whom; that 和whose既可指人, 又可指物。〔误〕 Do you think the reason why he gave us is reasonable?〔正〕 Do you think the reason that/which he gave us is reasonable?〔析〕此处定语从句的引导词作从句中动词的宾语。〔误〕 This is the student who’s composition won the first prize.〔正〕 This is the student whose composition won the first prize.〔析〕whose引导定语从句，本身作定语修饰后面的名词。2．as和which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：as和which引导非限制性定语从句时，都可在从句中作主语或宾语。但当从句中的谓语动词是实义动词时，一般用which, 而不用as。which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面，意为"这一点"；as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后，经常用于as is said above, as we know, as is well known, as is often the case, as is reported, as was expected等结构中，as含有"正如、正像"之意。〔误〕 She always shows off her beautiful clothes, as made the others unhappy.〔正〕 She always shows off her beautiful clothes, which made the others unhappy.〔析〕which引导非限制性定语从句，作"这一点"讲，指代前面整个主句的内容。〔误〕 Which is often the case, he stays up late before the exam.〔正〕 As is often the case, he stays up late before the exam.〔析〕 见上述说明。3．介词提前时，应如何选择合适的介词？介词提前时，定语从句的引导词只能用 which, whom, whose,而不能用that或who。在判断使用什么样的介词时，一要看句意；二要看搭配关系，即看后面的谓语动词和前面被定语从句修饰的名词以确定应搭配什么样的介词。介词提前有以下几种情况：〔误〕 The clever boy made a hole in the wall, in which he could see what was happening inside the house.〔正〕 The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.〔析〕从句意和介词跟名词的搭配上看，定语从句引导词应用表示"从……中间穿过"之意的介词through。〔误〕 There were two things of which they took pride.〔正〕 There were two things in which they took pride.〔析〕take pride in=be proud of。典例调研〔例1〕 I prefer the house which window faces the lake.which→whose。whose引导定语从句时，本身作定语修饰后面的名词。〔例2〕 Which is known to all, he is the best student in our class.Which→As。as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以放在主句的前面，也可以放在主句的后面。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面。〔例3〕 This is not the dictionary at which the teacher spoke in class.at→of。speak of为固定搭配，"谈到"。〔例4〕 I like the same book like you bought yesterday.第二个like 改为as。the same as属固定搭配。〔例5〕 The first lesson which I learnt will never be forgotten.which→that。前面出现序数词、最高级以及不定代词时，定语从句只能用that引导。〔例6〕 I often thought of the happy days that I stayed in Beijing.that→when。when引导定语从句时，本身在定语从句中作时间状语。【指导·借鉴】 掌握定语从句引导词的基本用法，从"成分"和"指代"的角度去选择适当的引导词，并注意一些特殊引导词的意义和用法以及它们之间的区别。强化闯关1．The woman, of whom I learned the news, is a nurse.2. She has three children, all of which are at school.3. My glasses, with which I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.4. These are the most interesting books are on show.5. They are talking about the teachers and schools which they have visited.6. We’ll meet at the same place where we met last month.7. My father works in a factory where makes computer.8. I don’t like the way how you listen with your mouth half�open.9. The girl who you want to see is the one lives next to me.10. His mother bought him two books, both of them were what he liked.答案及解析：1. of→from。learn sth. from sb.意为"从某人那儿获得消息"。2. which→whom。此处指人,故只能用whom引导定语从句。3. with→without。从意思判断可知是"没有"眼镜不行。4. were前加that。定语从句缺少主语。5. which→that。当先行词既指人又指物时，定语从句引导词只能用that。6. where→as。the same as...是固定搭配。7. where→which/that。 此处引导词在定语从句中作主语。8. how→that。way后不能用how引导定语从句，只能用that或in which。9. lives前加that。定语从句缺少主语，而且前面的先行词是不定代词。10. them→which。此处构成的是定语从句，故应用定语从句的引导词。

答：定语从句是中学英语语法中的重点内容，也是高考中常考查的一个考点。掌握定语从句的用法，必须突破以下六道难关：一、选准关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如： (1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together. (2)I still remember the days when we worked together. 2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。例如：These are all the pictures that I have seen. This is the very dictionary that is of great help. 3. 先行词既指人又指物时。例如：My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember. 4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如：Our school is not the one that it used to be. 5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：This is the best English film that I have ever seen. The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities. 三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如：That’s the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. 注意：1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如：This is the key which you are looking for. This is the baby whom you will look after. 2. 该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which. 四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别1. 位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如：As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all. The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young. 2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as 本身含有“正如”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如：Light travels faster than sound, as we all know. Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry. 五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如：Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA. A. which B. where C. what D. the one 分析：第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。2. 从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如：错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday? 分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。总之，突破了以上六道难关，定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解。

.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

定语从句的本质是，出于表达复杂意思的需要，把最初步学的形容词（也就是定语）扩展成一个句子，去修饰名词。例如，你的题目，我们先换一种简单的意思表达帮助你理解：I came across a few 【old】 friends. 上句中的old就是简单的定语。但是随着学习要求的不断提高，你不可能总说这样简单意思的句子，下一步定语就要升级成一个短语：I came across a few friends 【from UK】.这句我们翻译成：我遇到了几个【来自英国的】朋友。from UK（来自英国的）就是定语，你会发现一个问题，为什么中文和英文中，定语的位置不一样？这是因为，英语忌讳头重脚轻的结构，from UK比被修饰的friends长，要调整句子结构，挪到被修饰词后面去，这就是后置定语。而定语从句，全部都是后置的。下面我们来理解你的题目。I came across a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket.翻译成中文：我遇到了几个【我跟着一起去超市的】朋友。从中文定语【我跟着一起去超市的】来找英语的定语：with whom I went to the supermarket我们发现，这个定语可以还原成一句话，要是按照正常说法应该是：I went to the supermarket with sb.，这就是本句的从句了。而这个sb.明显就是主句的friends。那么英语的语法规则规定，这个friends不能出现两遍，使用关系代词来代替，就是whom（使用who也是可以的）。

定语从句是中学英语语法中的重点内容，也是高考(Q吧)中常考查的一个考点。掌握定语从句的用法，必须突破以下六道难关： 一、选准关系代词和关系副词 在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词都代替先行词在从句中充当一定的成分，如果该从句中缺少主语、表语、宾语或定语，就要用关系代词来连接从句；如果从句中缺少状语，就得用关系副词来连接从句。例如：(1)I still remember the days which / that we spent together. (2)I still remember the days when we worked together. 二、了解仅用that 引导限制性定语从句的几种情况 that 在限制性定语从句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情况下，只能用that 来引导定语从句： 1. 先行词是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代词时。例如： Is there anything that you want to buy? 2. 先行词被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等词修饰或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定词修饰时。例如： These are all the pictures that I have seen. This is the very dictionary that is of great help. 3. 先行词既指人又指物时。例如： My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember. 4. 关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。例如： Our school is not the one that it used to be. 5. 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。例如： This is the best English film that I have ever seen. The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities. 6. 主句是who 或which 引导的特殊问句时。例如： Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday? 三、把握“介词＋关系代词”结构中介词的选用 介词的选择与主句中先行词的搭配密切相关。例如： That”s the reason for which he was late for school. This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. 注意： 1. 定语从句中谓语动词是含有介词的动词短语时，介词应放在动词之后，不能拆开放在关系代词前。例如： This is the key which you are looking for. This is the baby whom you will look after. 2. 该结构中，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which. 四、弄清as 和which 引导的非限制性定语从句指代整体时的区别 1. 位置上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，还可插在主句的中间；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。例如： As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun. The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun. The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all. The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young. 2. 词义与联系上的区别：as 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间有着较为密切的上下文联系，as 本身含有“正如”之意；而which 引导的非限制性定语从句与主句之间在逻辑意义上近似并列句，which 本身表示“这”或“这一点”之意。例如： Light travels faster than sound, as we all know. Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry. 五、注意定语从句的主谓一致性 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持人称和数的一致。例如： Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA. 六、保持主句的完整性并避免从句成分的重叠 1. 在定语从句中，不管出现任何情况，主句的结构必须完整，即主句必须有主语和谓语，缺一不可，否则，整个主从复合句就无法成立。试比较： (1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week? (2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week? A. which B. where C. what D. the one 分析： 第一题缺少表语，只有填D项才能保持主句的完整性，而其他的选项均为干扰项。 第二题主句本身完整，应填的关系代词在从句中作visited 的宾语，故应选A项。 2. 从定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词独立地或与相应的介词一起在定语从句中充当了一定的成分，因此在定语从句中就不能再出现与关系代(副)词重叠的成分。例如： 错句：Is this the train that they took it last Sunday? 分析：该题中that 已经代替先行词the train 在定语从句中充当及物动词took 的宾语，故重叠出现的宾语it必须删去。 总之，突破了以上六道难关，定语从句中的难题便会迎刃而解。