mercury211
英语常用句型 1. 否定句型 1) 一般否定句 I don't know this. No news is good news. There is no person (smoke)/not a person/not any person (smoke) in the house. 2)特指否定 He went to his office, not to see him. I am sorry for not coming on time. I don't think/believe/suppose/feel/imagine you are right. 3)部分否定 All the answers are not right//All is not gold that glitters I don't know all of them.//I can't see everybody/everything. Both of them are not right. 4)全体否定 None of my friends smoke.//I can see nothing/nobody. Neither of them is right.//Nothing can be so simple as this. 5) 延续否定 You didn't see him, neither/nor did I. You don't know, I don't know either. He doesn't know English, let alone/to say nothing of/not to speak of (更不用说) French. 6) 半否定句 We seldom/hardly/scarcely/barely hear such fine singing. I know little English. I saw few people. 7) 双重否定 You can't make something out of nothing.//What's done cannot be undone. There is no sweet without sweat.//No gain without pains. I can't help /keep/ laughing whenever I hear it. No man is so old but (that) he can learn. 8)排除否定 Everyone is ready except you.//He did nothing but play. But for your help, I couldn't do it. 9)加强否定 I won't do it at all.//I can't see it any more.//He is no longer a boy. 2. 判断句型 1) 一般判断句 It is important for us to learn English. It is kind of you to help me sincere means honest. The boy is called/named Tom. We regarded/consider it as an honor. 2)强调判断 It is English that we should learn.//It is he who helped me a lot. 3)弱式判断 Your sentence doesn't sound/look/appear/feel right. You look/seem as if/as thought you had been there before. Maybe/Perhaps/ she is ill. He is probably ill.//He is likely ill. //It is possible that he is late 4) 注释判断 He can remember so many English words, that is (to say) he is a living dictionary.(活字典) 5) 正反判断 That sounds all right, but in fact it is not. 6) 比较判断 It is more a picture than a poem. 7) 互斥判断 He or you are wrong. Either he is right or I am. 3. 祝愿祁使句式 1) 一般句式 Study hard and keep fit. Be brave! Don't be shy! Get out of here. 2)强语式 Do tell me. Never tell a lie. 3) 委婉祈使句 Please tell me the true. Would/Will/Won't do me a favor? Would/Do you mind my smoking? What/How/ about going on foot? 4)建议祈使句 Let us go. Let us know the time. Don't let the fire out. Let's not waste the time. You'd better start early. Shall we listen to some music? Why don't you get something to drink? Suppose/supposing you pick me up at about six? I suggest we (should) take the train. 5)祝愿句 Success to you! //Wish you a good journey. May you have a happy marriage. //Here's to your success! Allow me to propose a toast to our friendship! 4. 感叹句型 How well he speaks! //How kind she is! //What a nice weather it is! Here he comes! //Such is life! //Wonderful! // Help! 5. 疑问句型 1) 一般疑问句 Is he a doctor?//Do you the way to the station? 2)反意疑问句 He is a teacher, isn't he?//It is quite cheap, don't you think? 3) 特殊疑问句 What is the distance/width/size/population/temperature/fare? Who is he? What is he?(干什么的)//What is he like? // How is he? How do you like him? //What do you think of him? What ever do you mean by saying this? 4)选择疑问句 He is a doctor or a nurse? 5)间接疑问句 Do you know how old he is? //Tell me if (whether) you like it. What do you think/say/suppose I should do? 6. 数词句型 1) 表数目 It is exactly ten o'clock.//It is five miles away from here. He is more than/over/ at least not less than 20. He is under/at most/no more than 20. 2)表年月日 He was born on April 22 1994/in 1994 on the morning of Oct.1. 3)表年龄 He is 20 years old/years of age.//He is at the age of 10. 4)表倍数 It is four times that of last years. This is four times as big (again) as that one. This is four times bigger than that one. The income is double what it was. The output of coal was 200% greater than in 1998. 5)表计量 It is 10 meters long/wide/high.//It costs me 100 yuan. I spent 10 hours to finish it.//It took me 10 days to finish it. It is worth 100 yuan. 7. 关联指代句型 1)两项关连 I have two books, one is Chinese; the other English. I have five books, one is Chinese; the others English. To say is one thing, but/and/ to do is another. One the one hand, I am your teacher, and on the other hand, I am also you friend. Some like to play football, others are fond of basketball. 2)先后顺序 First/firstly, I wish good health, second/secondly success in your study, third/thirdly good luck in everything. First stop, then look, finally cross. At first/in the beginning/ he word hard. Later/Afterwards he is not so diligent. 3)修饰限制 This is the same book as I lost yesterday. This is the same book that I lost yesterday.(同一本书) Don't trust such a man as over praise you. He/One/Those/They who should come failed to appear. A man/A person/The one/Anyone/People who saw her liked her very much. The day/time/moment will come when China is strongest in the world. 4) 两项连接 He can speak not only English but also French. The book is both interesting and instructive. It is neither cold nor hot. Please either come in or go out. The old worker has experience and knowledge as well. 5)加和关系 Besides literature, we have grammar and writing. Apart from oxygen, there are some other gases in the air. In addition to "if", there is many other conjunctions that can introduce conditional clauses. I must go now, incidentally, if you want that book. You seem to like tea, so do I. 8. 比较句型 1)等比句 He is as tall as I. // He is the same height as I. She is no less diligent than he. The lab is no better than a cottage. 2) 差比句 I speak English worse than he does.//He is not so/as tall as I am. Our knowledge is much inferior to their. 3) 极比句 He is the tallest of all in the class. None/No one/ is so blind as those that won't see. Nothing is so easy as this. 4)比例句 The more a man knows, the more he feels his ignorance(无知). 5) 择比句 He is taller than any other boy in the class It is better late than never.//They would die than live as slaves He prefers doing to talking//He prefers to do rather than to talk. He prefers mathematics to English.//I'd rather stay here. 6)对比句 You think me idle, but on the contrary, I am busy. They are working hard while you are wasting your time. 9. 比喻句型 We must work like him.//He behaves as his father does. He speaks English as if/though he was a foreigner. 10. 条件假设句 1) 一般事实 If we succeed, what will the people say? Suppose it rains, what shall we do? Persevere(坚持) and you'll succeed. 2)虚拟条件句 If I were you, I would go.//If you had seen it, you would have been moved. 3)反条件句 Unless you try, you'll never succeed.//Don't move, or/else/otherwise I'll shot. 4)唯一条件句 If only I have another chance, I shall do better. Only in this way can we learn English well. So/As long as we don't lose heart, we'll succeed. 5)推论条件句 Since that is so, there is no more to say. Now that you are grown up, you must stop this behavior. 11. 时间句型 1)一般时 When I see him, I'll tell him. 2) 表同时 You'll grow wiser as you grow older. Work while you work, play while you play. He worked, at the same/in the meantime he listened to the music. 3)限制时 Every/each time when I went to his house, he was out. By the time that we got there, he was out. 4)交替时 Sometimes he sings, sometimes he dances. At one time the baby cries, at another it talks. 5)先时 I stopped hem before he began to talk with me. 6)后时 I'll tell you after I finish it. 7)紧接时 As soon as I see him, I'll tell him. Once you begin, you must continue. The (very) moment/instant (that) I saw him, I recognized him. On hearing the news, she bust into tears. Hardly had I seen the light, when I heard a loud thundering. 8)延续时 I haven't seen him since I came here. A friend is never know till/until a man have need. 12. 地点句型 1) 一般地点 Where have you been? Where there is a will, there is a way. 2)方位 Hebei lies in the east of China. Japan is lies to the east of China. The house faces (to) the south. He is sitting at the front of the classroom He is standing in front of/before me. He is sitting at the back of/behind me. He is sitting in the back of/at the rear of the classroom. He is sitting next to/besides me. He is sitting close to/near me. At the top of/On top of the shelf, there are some books. He is sitting on the left/right. The mountain you see to the right is the Purple Mountain. 13. 原因句型 He didn't go to school because he was ill. Since we are all here, let's begin our meeting. It might rain yesterday, for the ground was wet. Now (that) we have finished the work, we can go home. I am glad to meet you. I am sorry that I hear that. Thank you for your help. That is why he failed to come. He didn't come because of/on account of the weather. He went out of curiosity. I succeeded thanks to his help. This failure is due to the fact they lack experience. Owing to our joint efforts, the task was fulfilled. What are studying English for? For what reason did you choose this? What's the point of asking his to do that? How come you never told me about it? What with the wind and what with the rain, our walk was spoiled. 14. 目的句型 He stopped aside so that she could go in. He sits in the front in order that he can see words clearly. He gets up early so as to/in order to have time to do exercises. He repeated it for fear that there should be any mistake. 15. 结果句型 It was very cold, so that the river froze. They cost a lot of money, so/therefore we use them carefully. He is such a good man that every one likes him. He ran so fast that no one could catch him. He hurried to the house only to find that it was empty. I was caught in the rain. As a result, I had a bad cold. 16. 程度句型 How often do you write to your parents? How long do you stay at home? It is so beautiful that we all love it. It is too big for you. He is too excited to speak. He is not old enough to know this. The letter must be sent as soon as possible You must work as hard as you can. As far as I know, I can speak only English. 17. 让步句型 Though/Although he is rich, (yet/still) he doesn't show off. Yang as he is, he know a lot of things. Even if/though he succeeded, he was not proud. No matter what you say, I'll still try to do it. Keep calm, whatever happens. In spite of this, we must go ahead with our plans. Regardless of all the difficulties, we'll fight it out to the end. 18. 转折句型 I searched everywhere but could not find him. You may go, only return quickly. He is seriously ill, still there is hope of his recovery. It looked like rain, however it was clear in the afternoon. He is still young, yet he is high up in the position. He didn't tell me the truth, I know it, though. 19. 省略句 I think/say/suppose/expect/believe/hope so. Why not come earlier next time?
后果你在哪儿
英语教学的最终目的就是要培养学生与外界交流信息、表达思想的能力。语法是一个非常重要的工具，它可以帮助人们理解和运用语言。接下来我为你整理了英语必修一语法知识点，一起来看看吧。
在英语学习中涉及到倍数问题时, 常见以下三种倍数表达的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
这条街是那条街的四馆长。(这条街比那条街长三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
这个箱子是那个箱子的三倍重。 (这个箱子比那个箱子重两倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
会议室比我们的办公室大三倍。(会议室是我们办公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人们并不难以理解; 同学们也很容易接受,因为它们很符合汉语的翻译习惯。但是, 句型(3)笔者却认为汉语译文是错误的。
句型(3)的译法在我国英语界的一些书刊杂志上说法都不一致,似乎没有定论。有的译为 "是...的三倍大";有的译为"比...大三倍"。甚至一些语法书、工具书和词典都相互矛盾,举几例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"钢笔比铅笔贵三倍"详见陈胥华的《英汉对译指导》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。
Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥产量增长了
1.5倍(以上)" 详见张道真《实用英语语法》P.102, 1979年8月修订2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我县农业总产值比去年增长百分之十一。" 详见薄冰、赵德鑫合编的《英语语法手册》1978年6月修订2版(商务印书馆)。
其实,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三种表达法都属同一种译法,没有任何区别。在使用句型(3)时, 产生翻译错误的原因不外乎人们认为句中含有 "more than", 而根据汉语习惯去翻译, 但在英语国家里绝不会出现这种混淆现象。
费致德先生在《现代英语惯用法词典》(1981年7月1版,商务印书馆)中也强调句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表达的是相同的数量概念.。详见该词典第795页:
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表达方式有下列三种, 其中C项有些语法学家认为不对, 但现已广泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
费致德先生肯定了这三种句型是同一种意思。但遗憾的是他将 "A是B的三倍"也误写为 "比...大三倍"; 如果据此对照去译,便与句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。
为了进一步证明这一问题, 笔者又写信给上海外国语学院, 向《新编英语语法》主编章振邦教授请教了这一问题，章教授在回信中说：
按照英语国家的表达习惯，five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表达的是相同的数量概念,就拿你讨论的句子为例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(这条街比那条街长三倍/百分之三百。)
这就是说, 表达倍数若用...times或fold则不论何种句型中都表示包括基数100%在内, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"长三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"结构中用百分比则表示净增数(见上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 译成汉语时应该是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大两倍"。
1. 拼法需要当心的序数词
在first，second和third之后的序数词都由基数词加 -th构成，但要注意以下拼法略有变化：
twentieth， thirtieth， fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..
2. 序号的表示
1) 基数词放在名词之后，通常写作阿拉伯数，如：
page 4(P.4)读作page four Room301读作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412读作telephone number eight six double four one two
2) 序数词放在名词之前，通常前面要加定冠词.如：
the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1)
3. 数词后面的名词用单数还是用复数
表示计量时，基数词后面的名词用复数形式，但是在带有数字的复合名词(常用作定语)里，名词只用单数形式。试比较：
They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.
I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名词复数
hundred, thousand和million后加 –s与of连用，表示“数百、数千、数百万”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法与hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“几十个”。但有以下几点区别：
1) 在接具体名词复数时dozen后不加of，而score常与of连用。如：
two dozen books two score (of)books
2) 若名词被限定词限定，dozen后应加of，接宾格代词亦如此。
three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them
6. 表示不定数量的常用单词和词组
这些单词或词组与名词的搭配关系见下表
用于可数名词用于不可数名词用于可数名词和不可数名词
a bit of
(a) few(a) littleall
fewerlessplenty of
(the) fewest(the) leasta lot of; lots of
a (great) number ofa great deal (amount) ofenough
manymuchmore; most
several some; any
hundreds of
dozens of
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little与some的意思较接近，表示“有几个;有一点”。few和little则表示“几乎没有(= almost none)”的意思。试比较：
She doesn’t seem very friendly; she has few friends。 (not many friends)
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)
I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)
There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)
2) 用fewer还是用less
从理论上讲few的比较级形式fewer用于复数名数前;little的比较级形式less用于不可
数名词前，但是在现代英语中，尤其是在非正式场合下，也常用less代替fewer;例如：
If on1y there were fewer/less holes in the roof?
3) many + a + 名词单数
many a后接可数名词单数形式，表示“好些;许多”，多用于书面语或演讲中。
Many a young man has had such a chance. (动词用has)
many a time则看作是固定词组，表示“多次”。
That’s happened to me many a time.
1. 主格和宾格
1) 通常，人称代词主格用做主语或表语;宾格用做动词或介词的宾语。句子的结构如有变化，也应能加以分析，确定选用哪种形式。例如：
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作宾语)
This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介词宾语)
2) 人称代词宾格可用在比较状语从句一类的结构中代替主格。例如：
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 两种所有格
人称代词所有格称为物主代词。物主代词分为两类：
① 形容词性的，如my, her, your, their等;
② 名词性的，如mine，hers，yours，theirs等。由于受汉语影响，我们常犯以下两种错误：
1) 漏用代词，主要是形容词性的物主代词，因为汉语中常常将它省略。例如：
I have done my homework.(不能说 * I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能说 * We clean classroom every day.)
2) 误用代词，混淆两种类型的物主代词，因为汉语中无此区别。例如：
That dictionary is not mine.(不能说 * That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能说 * My is here.)
注意：形容词性的物主代词只能用作定语，必须与名词连用。例如
What's her name? I am your friend.
名词性的物主代词则可充当名词所能充当的各种句子成分。如：
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主语)
You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作宾语)
但是its一般不能单独使用。需要时可以用its own。如：
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代词做短语动词宾语时的位置
当短语动词由“动词+副词”构成时，代词作宾语必须放在动词和副词中间，名词则不受此限制。如：
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“动词+介词”构成的介词动词，代词作宾语还是要放在介词之后。例如：
鼎御装饰
定义动名词是一种兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语，也能被副词修饰。动名词有时态和语态的变化。解释：动词的ing形式如果是名词，这个词称动名词。一、动名词的作用动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1、作主语Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。Climbing mountains is really fun. 爬山是真有趣。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure but a suffer. 在这种工作条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。动名词作主语，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。It was hard getting on the crowded street car. 上这种拥挤的车真难。It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。There is no joking about such matters. 对这种事情不是开玩笑。动名词作主语的几种类型 动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。在这里仅就动名词在句子中作主语的情况进行讨论。 动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况： 1. 直接位于句首做主语。例如： Swimming is a good sport in summer. 2. 用 it 作形式主语，把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。 动名词做主语时，不太常用 it 作先行主语，多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如： It is no use telling him not to worry. 常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有：better，wonderful，enjoyable，interesting，foolish，difficult，useless，senseless，worthwhile，等。 注意：important，essential，necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。 3. 用于“There be”结构中。例如： There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。 4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如： No smoking ( =No smoking is allowed (here) ). No parking. 5. 动名词的复合结构作主语 当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时，常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格，构成动名词的复合结构(——这时，名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。例如： Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. 6.例词shopping fishing cycling这些都是很常见的动名词 二、动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较 动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较： Smoking is not good for health. It is not good for you to smoke so much. 注意： 1)在口语中，用动名词作主语位于句首的较不定式多见。 2)在“It is no use...”，“It is no good...”，“It is fun...”，“It is a waste of time...”等句型中，通常用动名词作真实主语： It is no use/good/a waste of time talking about that. *It is no use/good/a waste of time to talk about that. 3)在疑问句中，通常用动名词的复合结构，而不用不定式的复合结构作主语： Does your saying that mean anything to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用动名词，而不能用不定式作主语： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)当句子中的主语和表语都是非限定动词时，要遵循前后一致的原则，主语和表语在形式上要求统一： Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作宾语（1）作动词的宾语某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help, imagine, include, keep, keep on, mind, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, can’t stand, be used to, get used to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to等。如：They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。I found it pleasant walking along the seashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事。（2）作介词的宾语We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term. 我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我们休息呢还是开始干活？（3）作形容词的宾语The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。3、作表语动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。Your task is cleaning the windows. 你的任务就是擦窗户。(Cleaning the windows is your task.)What I hate most is being laughed at. 我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。 (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)4、作定语动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。如：a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walkinga washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is used for washinga reading room=a room for reading=a room which is used for readinga measuring tape=a tape for measuring=a tape which is used for measuringsleeping pills=pills for sleeping=pills which is used for sleeping二、动名词的逻辑主语带有逻辑主语的动名词称为动名词的复合结构。当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其中物主代词（名词所有格）是逻辑上的主语，动名词是逻辑上的谓语。动名词复合结构在句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，分别相当于一个主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句。如：Her coming to help encouraged all of us. 他来帮忙鼓舞了我。 (=That she came to help encouraged all of us.)Jane’s being careless caused so much trouble. 简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。 (=That Jane was careless caused so much trouble.)What’s troubling them is their not having enough food. 烦扰他们的是食物不足。 (=What’s troubling them is that they have not enough food.)在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upset. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。在下列情况下动名词的逻辑主语必须用名词的普通格或人称代词宾语：a.无命名词The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting. 这个婴儿被猛烈的关门声吵醒。b. 有生命名词但表示泛指意义Have you ever heard of women practising boxing? 你听说过妇女练拳击吗？c. 两个以上的有生命名词并列Do you remember your parents and me telling about this? 你记得你父母和我都告诉过你这事吗？三、动名词的时态和语态动名词的时态和语态如下：时态主动语态被动语态一般式writingbeing written完成式having writtenhaving been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、动名词一般式表示的动作通常是一般性动作，即不是明确地发生在过去、现在或将来的动作，或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我讨厌与这样的人说话。Being careless is not a good habit. 粗心不是一个好习惯。2、动名词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。如：I don’t remember having met him before. 我记不得以前见过他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 谢谢你费力帮忙。3、动名词的逻辑主语同时也是动名词动作的承受者，动名词用被动语态。（1）它的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，或在其前发生。如：I don’t like being laughed at in public. 在公共场合下，我不喜欢被别人嘲笑。（2）它的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如：I am very pleased at your having been honoured with a medal. 我很高兴你能获得这样的奖牌。（3）在某些动词，我们常用动名词的一般式表示完成式，尽管动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，这似乎是一种强大的习惯。如：Excuse me for being late. 我来晚了请你原谅。I don’t remember ever meeting somewhere. 我记不得原来在什么地方见过。Thank you for giving us so much help. 谢谢给我们这么大的帮助。（4）在多数情况下都避免使用动名词被动语态完成式，而用一般式代替，以免句子显得累赘，尤其是在口语中。如：I forget once being taken (having been taken ) to the city zoo. 我曾被带到过这个动物园，可我忘了。（5）动名词被动语态一般式与现在分词被动语态一般式同形，但无进行意义，being不可省略。如：She is afraid of being taken to the public. 她怕被领到大众面前。四、常见题型：1） 动名词做主语时，谓语动词为单数2） 在动名词和不定式中，作为介词的宾语是动名词3） 动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词，通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语例：I would appreciate_______ back this afternoon.A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you’re calling（Key：C；换成your calling也对）4） 有些词后只能接动名词admit; appreciate; avoid; celebrate; consider; contemplate; defer; delay; deny; detest; discontinue; dislike; dispute; enjoy; it entails; escape; excuse; explain; fancy; feel like; finish; forgive; can’t help; hinder; imagine; it involves; keep; it means; mention; mind; miss; it necessitates; pardon; postpone; practice; prevent; recall; report; resent; resist; risk; suggest; understand...5） 另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法it’s no good; it’s no/little/hardly any/ use; it’s not/hardly/scarcely use; it’s worthwhile; spend money/time; there’s no; there’s no point in; there’s nothing worse than; what’s the use/point...6） 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可remember, forget, try, stop, go on, cease, mean后面均可用不定式和-ing形式，但意义截然不容。例：remember to do/doing：①I remembered to post the letters.（指未来/过去未来将要做的动作）②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）forget与remember的用法类似。regret的用法：①I regret to inform you that…（我很遗憾地通知你……）②I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.（为了“二十年前的离开”而遗憾。）try to（努力）与try +–ing（试验）：①You really must try to overcome your shyness.②Try practicing five hours a day.五、动名词与现在分词的同与不同动名词它在形式上与现在分词相同，都是在动词原形的词末加-ing。在现代语法中，这两种形式同视为"-ing形式"。 这两种形式的另一个相同之处是：它们都是由动词变化而成的，它们都保留了动词的某些特征，它们都能带自己的宾语、状语，而构成动名词短语或是现在分词短语去担当句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（现在分词短语，作状语）他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（动名词短语，作宾语）她不喜欢在公众场所讲话。区别：1､动名词和现在分词都可以用于系动词之后作表语,区别方法是: ①作表语的动名词与主语指的是同一件事,此时系动词相当于“是”,通常把主语和表语的位置互换,语法和意思不变,例如: My hobby is swimming.可改为Swimming is my hobby.(可将原句中的主语与表语位置互换) ②现在分词作表语主要用以说明主语的性质,不能与主语互换位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改为:Interesting is the story. 2､动名词和现在分词都可以用作定语来修饰名词,两者的区别在于: 动名词修饰名词时主要表示该名词的用途,而现在分词修饰名词时性质､状态或动作等｡试比较: ①a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一个正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,现在分词swimming 表示被修饰名词boy的动作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 动名词swimming表示suit 的用途｡ ②a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一个正在睡觉的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,现在分词sleeping 表示被修饰名词 child 正处于的状态;而后者的意思是“卧车(被用来睡觉的车厢)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,动名词 sleeping 表示car 的用途｡被动语态一、 被动语态的用法： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定,或是间接宾语加被动语态再加只接宾语。He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 或是I was given a book by him.He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. 或是i was shown a ticket by him.My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 或是Lwas bought a new bike by my father.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
木洛希雨
名词分为专有名词和普通名词专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革普通名词又可进一步分为四类1) 个体名称（Individual Nouns）:表示单个的人和事物。horse 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fan 风扇 picture 照片2) 集体名称（Collective Nouns）: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government政府 group 集团3) 物质名词（Material Nouns）:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶4)抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力名词又可分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）和不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。_______________________________________ | |专有名词 | | | 名 | | 个体名词 | | | | | | 可数名词 | | | | 集体名词 | | | |普通名词 | | | | 词 | | 物质名词 | | | | | | 不可数名词| | | | 抽象名词 | |可数名词有单,复数之分,表示一个或多个。a book 一本书 two books 两本书不可数名词：不分单,复数；抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。sand 沙 sugar 糖有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件名词的功能名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book 作表语。这是一本好书。We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。我们选他为我们的班长。Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。He is a Party member. Party 作定语.他是一名党员。They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。他们白天黑夜地学习。名词的数英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式, 表示一个人或事物用单数形式, 表示一个以上的人或事物用复数形式。a book 一本书 two books 两本书 a bag 一个包 three bags 三个包名词的单数形式就是词典上所出现的形式,没有变化, 如: a pen, a bed, a room, an English book。名词的复数形式,多数名词的复数形式在其单数形式后面加 -s 或 -es 构成,名词复数形式变化如下。1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:bags，maps，pens，desks，workers2) 名词以 [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ]等音结尾在其后加 -es, 如词尾已有 e ,只加-s。clothes， boxes， buses， horses， watches，dishes3) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves.bookshelves， wives， knives4) 名词以辅音+y 结尾的,变 y 为 i ,再加 es。cities，babies， factories.5) 名词以+ o 结尾的,有生命的，如potato，则加-es；无生命的，如photo，则直接加s。极少数名词虽然以-o 或者-f 结尾, 变成复数则只加 -s,为数不多, 如 radios pianos photos roofs 等。英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有，man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - mice ox - oxen sheep - sheep deer - deer fish - fish名词复数的不规则变化 1）child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice man---men woman---women 注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。2）单复同形 如： deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a pound, two pounds, a franc, two francs 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。 如： people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。 如： The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如： a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜) trousers, clothes 若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双); suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：men workers women teachers gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如：two-dozen eggs 两打/（二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划 个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯不可数名词量的表示 1）物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较： Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。2） 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice 一条建议不同国家的人的单复数 名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss澳大利亚人the an two Australians Australian Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese美国人 the Americans an American two Americans印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes 名词的格在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。Lu Xun's book is worth reading.鲁迅的书值得一读。This is my father's room.这是我父亲的房间。以-s 或 -es 结尾的复数名词的所有格只在名词后加 “ ' ”。There are many students' exercise books here.这儿有许多学生的练习本。复合名词的所有格 " 's " 加在后面的名词之后.This is my son-in-law's bike.这是我女婿的自行车。如果一样东西为两人共有,则只在后一个名词后加 " 's "。We visited Xiao Li and Xiao Zhang's room.我们参观了小李和小张的房间。名词所有格所修饰的词,有时可以省略。如前文已经提到,或者指地点。The book is not mine, but Li Hua's.这本书不是我的，是李华的。I had my hair cut in the barber's.我在理发店理发了。2) 表示无生命东西的名词所有格,一般与 of 构成短语表示前者属于后者。It's a map of China.它是一幅中国画。I forgot the tittle of the film.我忘记电影名字了。Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。名词的性英语名词如果从生物学的自然性别角度来分析,可分为四种性,阳性,阴性,通性和中性。一般来说绝大多数名词没有性的词性变化形式。英语名词大部分都是中性的。对于一些代表性的英语名词，则用不同的英语名词来表示,而不是用一个词的词形变化来表示。例如阳性: 表示男人或雄性动物的名词有，father man boy阴性: 表示女人或雌性动物的名词有，mother woman girl通性: 表示某一类别的名称,而不强调性别。children baby friend animal fish中性: 表示无生命的物质名称和抽象名称，desk pen chair room英语名称分类繁杂,它的单,复数问题,以及可数还是不可数问题直接影响谓语动词,冠词,代词的使用。请注意下列几个问题。名称作主语时,谓语动词必须和它的主语人称,数相一致.These books are mine, not yours.这些书是我的，不是你的。Miss Li teaches us English.李小姐教我们英语。注意事项集体名称作主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。用单数是把集体名称看作整体,用复数是把集体名称看作整体中的组成部分或各成员。His family is large.他家人很多。His family are all teachers他的家人都是教师。动词用复数.We Chinese people are brave and hardworking.我们中国人民勤劳而勇敢。下列名词 news mathematics physics polities 等名称作主语时,谓语动词用单数。The good news is that we have passed the exam.好消息是我们通过了考试。下列名词 goods scissors trousers eyeglasses scales 作主语时,谓语动词用复数。Do you know where my trousers are?你知道我的裤子在哪儿吗？用 and 连接的名词作主语,谓语动词用复数。She and her sister are in the same school.她和她的妹妹在同一个学校。There be 句型中,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。There are two apples and one egg in it.这里边有两个苹果和一个鸡蛋。as well as 和名词连用时,谓语动词和第一个名词相一致。He as well as I is responsible for it.不但是我，他对这件事也有责任。either...or， neither...nor， not only...but also 连接名词时,谓语动词和靠近的主语一致。Either you or he has to hand in the report.不是你就是他得把报告交上来。名词口诀： 人和事物各有名，万千名目可辨清。表示名称即名词，具体抽象有不同。 时间空间和地点，方向位置有专称。主宾定谓都可作，名词具有多功能。 现在分词和动名词的区别动名词和现在分词都称作动状词（Verbal），即由动词变化而来，仍然具有动词的性质与原义，但不能作动词使用的词。 动名词与现在分词的区别主要是： 1. 如果－ing形式在句中作表语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区别方法是： 动名词作定语时，说明被修饰的名词的用途（可以用"use for +动名词"这个结构代替）， 它和所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系；现在分词作定语时，表示它所修饰的名词的行为 ，和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系（可以扩展为定语从句）。 E.g.: a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢 （sleeping此处为动名词 ） a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子 （sleeping此处为现在分词 ） 2. 动名词具有名词的性质： 可以和名词一样有冠词或this、some等形容词； E.g.: A knocking at the door was heard 可以和名词一样有所有格、复数形式； E.g.: He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship. He is so busy that I can’t keep track of all his comings and goings. 可以带有所有格已表明动作者。 E.g.: Please excuse my coming late. 3. 如果－ing形式在句中作表语，那么它可能是现在分词，也可能是动名词。区别方法是： 如果ing形式相当于一个名词，可以与主语交换位置，它就是动名词。如果－ing形式相当于 形容词，不能与主语交换位置，它就是现在分词。 4. “动名词+名词”和“现在分词+名词”的读音不同，前者的重音在“动名词”上（a ‘sleeping suit），而后者的重音在“名词”上（a sleeping ‘child）。 5. 动名词用法的特殊情况 ① No+动名词——用于简短的禁令或禁律 E.g.: No smoking.相当于Don't do例如：Don't smoke. ② There is no+-ing（…是不可能的）= It is impossible to ~ = No one can ~ (or We cannot ~) E.g.: There is no telling when lasting peace will come. (谁也不知道永久的和平何 时到来) ③ Never (or not) … without + -ing （每次…都…）= whenever E.g.: He never comes without bringing some present. ④ It goes without saying that （…是不用说的）= It is needless to say that E.g.: It goes without saying that no animal can live without breathing. ⑤ Do+动名词（做需要若干时间或一再重复的事情）——动名词之前都由the、所有 格或some/a little/ much/ a lot of 之类的形容词。 E.g.: Do you do much fishing? ⑥ On (or upon) +-ing （当…，一…就…）=when (or as soon as) +S. + V. ⑦ Of one’s own = -ing （自己…的）=-ed by oneself E.g.: He showed me a picture of his own painting. ⑧ Make a point of –ing （必定，重视）= make it a point to ~ E.g.: He makes a point of calling on me on New Year’s Day. ⑨ Be on (or upon) the point of –ing （正要）= be just about to ~ 6. 如果－ing形式在句中充当状语和补语，那么它一定是现在分词。 如果－ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语、同位语，那么它一定是动名词。
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