祖庙博物馆英文

夏威夷概况 Hawaii profiles 人口（Population）： Population (Population) : 1054000 在50个州内，列第40位。 1054000 in 50 states inside, listed the 40th. 面积（Area）： Area (Area) : 6450平方英里（16705平方千米） 在50个州内，列第47位。 6450 square miles (16705 square kilometers) within the 50 states, listed the first 47 bits. 海拔（Elevation）： Altitude (Elevation) : 4,205米——0米 4,205 meters - 0 meters 州府（State Capitol）： State (State jobs) : 檀香山 Honolulu Honolulu Honolulu 州花（State Flower）： State Flower (State acted) : 芙蓉 Hibiscus Lotus Hibiscus 州树（State Tree）： State Tree (State Tree) : 榛树 Kukui Hazel tree Kukui 州鸟（State Bird）： State Bird (State Bird) : 夏威夷鹅 Nene Hawaii goose Nene 人文历史： Humanistic history: 夏威夷州名称来自波里尼西亚语，意为“原始的家”Original home。 Hawaii name from Polynesian language means "Original home" reprographic systems home. 一千多年前波里尼西亚人向该州各岛殖民。 A thousand years ago polynesians to state every island settlement. 1900年并入美国。 In 1900 merges into the United States. 1959年8月21日成为美国第50个州。 August 21, 1959 became the 50th state. 该州的别名叫做“爱洛哈之州”Aloha State(夏威夷人向人问候或离别之时，常说：“爱洛哈”。其意义为爱)。 The State's alias called "aurora ha State" Aloha State (Hawaiian toward the person regards or absence, often said: "aurora ha". Its significance for love). 该州的箴言：“守正义则存”The Life Of The Land Is Perpetuated In Righteousness。 The state's motto: "defend justice stand" The act Of The Land Is Perpetuated In Righteousness. 地理环境： Geographical environment: 夏威夷州位於北太平洋，全是火山岛，是唯一的一个全由岛屿构成的州。 Hawaii is located in the north Pacific, whole is a volcanic island, is the only one complete by islands constitute state. 它有132个岛屿，这是太平洋海底上一座高大的火山锥，露出海面的部分。 It has 132 island, this is the Pacific seafloor on a tall volcanic cone, exposing the sea part. 太平洋底部发生大裂缝，熔岩外流，形成高大的火山，其上有许多火山口，形成许多山峰。 Pacific bottom happen fissure, lava outflows, forming the tall volcano, there are many craters, formed many mountains. 有些山峰露出海面，即成为海岛。 Some peaks exposing the sea, which has become islands. 在太平洋延伸长达1500英里（约2400千米）。 In the Pacific extensions for 1500 miles (about 240 km). 这些岛屿有很久很久以前的火山形成，大多数岛屿被海洋长期冲刷变得很小，只有8个大岛残留下来。 These islands have long ago volcanic island was formed, most Marine long-term scour become small, only eight big island remained. 这些岛屿距离加利福尼亚2000多英里（约3200千米）远。 These islands distance California more than 2000 miles (about 3,200 km) away. 夏威夷州距离加州西南方约有三千八百四十六公里。 Hawaii distance about 3846 kilometers southwest of California. 该群岛由西北延伸到东南，约长两千四百五十一公里。 The islands extends from northwest to southeast, about 2451 kilometers long. 夏威夷的八个主要的岛屿是：尼豪岛（Niihau）、考爱岛（Kauai）、欧胡岛（Oahu）、莫洛凯岛（Molokai）、拉奈岛（Lanai）、茂宜岛（Maui）、卡胡拉威岛（Kahoolawe）以及夏威夷岛（Hawaii）。 Hawaii's eight major islands is: nehemiah hao island (Niihau), an island Kauai), (love) on Oahu (Oahu, Molokai (Molokai), Lanai (Lanai), MAO appropriate island (Maui), card HuLa wei island (Kahoolawe) and Hawaii (Hawaii). 这八个岛屿的总面积约为一万六千七百六十平方公里。 The total area is about eight islands for 16760 square kilometers. 该州其他一百二十四个岛屿，都是无人居住的小环礁。 The state and twenty four other island, are not inhabited small atolls. 夏威夷群岛是由火山运动所形成的，事实上，该群岛是一个地处深海中的大型山脉之顶端。 The Hawaiian islands are formed by volcanic activities, in fact, the islands are one of the large-scale mountain is located in the deep sea top. 所有岛屿的内部都是高山，而沿岸地区的地形都是崎岖的峭壁或沙滩。 All islands of internal are mountains, and the coast of the terrain is rugged cliffs or beach. 莫纳罗亚山和吉拉巍峨山是活火山，他们都坐落在夏威夷岛上。 Monash LuoYaShan and gilardino towering mountains are active volcanoes, they are situated in the Hawaiian islands. 从这些火山喷发的熔岩倾注于大海中。 From these volcanic eruption of lava. Pour in the seas 熔岩在海水之中冷却，熔岩变得坚硬，岛屿逐渐增大。 Lava in seawater in cooling, lava became hard, and the island increased gradually. 气候： Climate: 夏威夷虽然地处热带，气候却很温和。 Hawaii is located in the tropical climate but, although very gentle. 由於有来自东北方的海风吹拂，该州的气温颇为适中。 Due to the northeast sea breeze blowing from the state's temperature is moderate. 由於接近赤道的关系，夏威夷一年四季日夜都是一样长。 Because the relationship between near the equator, Hawaii throughout the day and night is the same length. 季节交替时，气温的变化十分固定。 Seasonal alternate, the changes in temperature is fixed. 低地地区全年的温度都在摄氏21到29℃之间。 Lowland areas of temperature in Celsius throughout the year all ℃ between 21 to 29. 高山地区有时会很冷，尤其是在冬季的时候。 The mountainous areas can be very cold, especially in winter. 在夏威夷最高的山脉茂纳基亚山顶（Mauna Kea），冬季时的雪量多得足以供人滑雪。 The highest mountain in Hawaii metallocene Mauna Kea mountain (nano kia joorabchian, during the winter snow) amount more than enough for people skiing. 夏威夷州属于热带气候。 Hawaii belongs to the tropical climate. 这使美国有寒(阿拉斯加)、温(美国大陆四十八州)、热(夏威夷群岛)三带的领土。 This makes the United States have cold (Alaska), wen (the continental United States 48 states), thermal (Hawaii) three zones of territory. 群岛气候属于回归型，因为它位于北回归线附近，受东北信风的影响，迎风坡多雨，背风坡少雨。 Islands climate belongs to the regression model, because it is located on the tropic of cancer, the northeast trawind near the influence, windward slopes more rain, a protected little rain. 州府（State Capitol）檀香山 Honolulu的常年气温： State (jobs) State Honolulu perennial temperature, Honolulu: 春天（Spring Temperature）： 21C / 26C (Honolulu) Spring (are) : Temperature 21C / 26C (Honolulu) 夏天（Summer Temperature）: 23C / 28C (Honolulu) Summer (is) : 23C/Temperature 28C (Honolulu) 秋天（Fall Temperature）: 23C / 28C (Honolulu) Autumn (fell) : 23C/Temperature 28C (Honolulu) 冬天（Winter Temperature）: 19C- / 5C (Honolulu) Winter Temperature (it) : 19C - / the 5 cs (Honolulu) 文化： Culture: 夏威夷有无数的博物馆以及文化中心。 Hawaii has countless museum and cultural center. 该州的博物馆有：位於欧胡岛，主要展出波里尼西亚文化的主教博物馆（Bishop Museum）、位於檀香山的教会博物馆（Mission House Museum）、位於希洛的莱曼纪念博物馆（Lyman House Memorial Museum）、以及位於外米亚（Waimea）的卡姆艾拉博物馆（Kamuela Museum）。 The state Museum has: located on oahu, mainly display Polynesian cultural Bishop Museum (Bishop Museum), located in Honolulu church Museum (front), located in what sunshine Museum of lehman Memorial Museum (Lyman Memorial Museum), and what kadhimiya located outside Waimea) card (Tim IRA Museum (Kamuela Museum). 文化中心包括：位於莱以耶（Laie）的波里尼西亚文化中心（Polynesian Cultural Center），以及展出欧洲、亚洲、与夏威夷文化的檀香山艺术学院（Honolulu Academy of the Arts）。 Cultural Center, including: located in lai iye (Laie) the Polynesian Cultural Center (Polynesian Center), and exhibited in Europe, Asia, and the Hawaiian culture of Honolulu art Academy (Honolulu did of the Arts). 夏威夷的音乐团体包括：夏威夷交响乐团、夏威夷歌剧团、与夏威夷皇家乐队。 Hawaii's music group includes: Hawaii symphony orchestra, we believe, and Hawaii royal Hawaiian band. 欧胡岛上有三所主要的剧团：檀香山社区剧院、檀香山青年剧院、以及温沃德戏剧公会。 Oahu has three main troupe: Honolulu community theatre, Honolulu youth theatre, and temperature ward theater guild.

中国国家博物馆实行免费参观制度，您可通过手机短信预约、网上预约、排队领票和电话预约（电话方式仅限团体）等方式领取免费参观券，参观各免费展览

1860年10月，英法联军侵入北京，清咸丰皇帝仓皇出逃，这样一座举世无双的名园，便遭到侵略军的野蛮洗劫和焚毁，使之沦为一片废墟。 圆明园虽在1860年遭受了英法联军毁灭性破坏，但整个园区还留有不少建筑遗迹。至少在1870年时，西洋楼有的建筑还算完整，同治时对园内中式建筑还有一次半途而废的大规模重修。那么，是谁将它彻底毁灭了呢？ 人劫：联军、土匪与筛土贼 当英法联军对圆明园疯狂地进行财宝洗劫时，就有无数的土匪参与了打劫。英法联军择最贵重的抢劫，土匪掠夺剩余的精华，小民则捡拾丢弃于道途的零碎，甚至守园太监也有趁火打劫者。易得的值钱物很快被搜罗干净了，人们操起扫帚和簸箕，在园中道路上沙尘中寻宝，守园的太监官兵将他们称为“筛土贼”。 木劫：圆明园变成木炭厂 1900年八国联军侵占北京，西郊诸园再遭劫掠。这一次，清政府对圆明园已完全失去了控制，趁火打劫的人，抢劫洋人劫余的财富，他们把园内的零星分散的建筑，木桥的柱子锯断，用大绳拉倒，园内大小树木被滥伐殆尽。当时清河镇上木材堆积如山，交易繁忙，而园内则炭厂林立，树枝、树根全被烧成木炭。此时的圆明园惟剩山石湖泉。 石劫：卖石头也能发洋财 民国初期走马灯一样更迭的军阀，都把圆明园作为取之不尽的建筑材料场，溥仪小朝廷时期的档案留下了不少无奈的记录：“有军人押车每日10余大车拉运园中太湖石。”实际上，拆卖的情况远比档案中记载的严重得多。徐世昌拆走圆明园属鸣春园与镜春园的木材，王怀庆拆毁园中安佑宫大墙及西洋楼石料。1929年张学良为其父建陵园，采购的石料，有不少便出自圆明园。从此，圆明园废墟凡能作建筑材料的东西，全被搜罗干净，断断续续拉了20多年！“石劫”中遭受损失最大的是西洋楼景区的欧式建筑。 坐落在圆明园的西北角上的安佑宫，是清代皇家在园中的祖庙，气魄宏大，尤其是殿前的两对华表，雕琢舒朗精美。历经数劫之后，惟余两对华表。 1925年初，燕京大学翟牧师私拆华表，现在这对华表依然耸立在北京大学西门内教学楼前。而另一对华表，则成了民国时城内新建的仿古式图书馆门前的装饰。在这前后，修建中央公园（现中山公园），甚至筹建香山慈幼园，都以“正当”的理由，在园内拆走珍贵文物。至今犹存的远瀛观的残石断柱绝不是人们手下留情，可能是因为它们的式样太怪异，实在难以派上用场。 土劫：在皇家园林开田种稻 宣统末年，当地旗人已在园内的宫殿旧址上筑屋，昔日的皇家园林麦垅相望。 1940年以后的日寇占领时期，北京粮食紧张，于是奖励开荒。从这时起农户陆续入园平山填湖，开田种稻。圆明园这处在清初盛世历经150余年苦心经营的湖山之胜，遂面目全非。

夏威夷：阿洛哈之州Hawaii: The Aloha State As one of the most beautiful places on earth, the 137 islands, islets and shoals that make up the Hawaiian Island chain sit at the northern tip of the Polynesian Triangle, an expanse of ocean roughly the size of Europe and North America combined. However, most people know Hawaii only by six of these islands: Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and the Big Island Honolulu. Every year, millions of people come to this beautiful resort to visit and enjoy their vacation. It is generally believed Hawaii’s first permanent inhabitants sailed in voyaging canoes from the southern hemisphere islands of the Marquesas, between 300 and 800 A.D. Later waves of settlers arrived by the 12th century, this time from Tahiti. Hawaii is a land of many contrasts. Urban Honolulu, the state capital, is a cosmopolitan metropolis with a population of more than 370,000; the entire island of Molokai, a scant 50 miles away, has only 7,400 residents. State FlagThe state flag has eight stripes representing the Hawaiian archipelago’s major islands: Nihau, Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe and the Big Island of Hawaii. The colors are red, white and blue. From top to bottom on the flag the stripes are, in order, white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. The upper left corner closely resembles the Union Jack of Great Britain. Designed for King Kamehameha I in the early 1800’s, the flag’s resemblance to the Union Jack symbolizes King Kamehameha’s friendship with the British. State MottoUa mau ke ea o ka ‘aina i ka pono (The life of the land is perpetuated in righteousness). King Kamehameha III is said to have uttered these words on July 31, 1843, when a British admiral once more raised the Hawaiian flag after a brief usurpation of authority.Hawaii’s Attractions The Big Island (Honolulu)You can try dancing the hula and taking part in an authentic luau (feast). Head upcountry and discover the uniquely blended Hawaiian, Portuguese, and Mexican cultures — still alive and well among Hawaiian paniolo (cowboys) on the island’s giant ranches. Or perhaps you can visit historical Kealakekua Bay where Captain James Cook dramatically lost his life in 1779. Finally, don’t miss Puukohola Heiau. This sacred spot was built in 1790 by King Kamehameha as an offering to the gods, where he asked for success in his campaign to unite the Hawaiian Islands. . Maui From the timeless grandeur of Haleakala Crater to the historic charm of 19th Century Lahaina, Maui offers a wealth of historic and cultural attractions that will captivate your imagination and reveal the extraordinary traditions of this magical isle. The town of Lahaina is a National Historic District, with timeless charm and a variety of important historic sites that take one back to the days when the town served as an important whaling port. No matter where you travel on Maui you are sure to find points of historic and cultural significance. LanaiA place of deep cultural significance, Lanai boasts many historical sites, old fishing villages, and unique topographical features like the boulder-strewn Keahikawelo. In the center of the island, Lanai City features thoroughly and lovingly restored landmarks, including the lovely Lanai Playhouse and Theater and the charming Hotel Lanai, both dating from the 1920’s. A prehistoric mystery lingers in Luahiwa, where visitors will find 34 boulders featuring intriguing petroglyphs carved by ancient Hawaiians. MolokaiMolokai residents show a deep regard for tradition and take great care to preserve the island’s unique cultural heritage. Here, it often seems as if the past and the present exist simultaneously. One of the island’s most popular cultural attractions is the Kalokoeli Fishpond, where ancient Hawaiians once practiced a remarkably sophisticated form of aquaculture. As many as 60 of these fish ponds once operated along the southern shore, and most of them were constructed at least 700 years ago. Another must-see is the Iliiliopae Heiau, one of the largest ancient temple platforms in all of Hawaii. Set deep within a thriving forest, this historic site offers a palpable sense of wonder and spirituality. OahuOahu’s rich cultural heritage may be something you seek out, but you’ll most certainly find it without even trying. There are several ways to soak up Oahu’s colorful history. Museums, temples, cultural centers and festivals just to name a few. Historical artifacts can be found at both the Bishop Museum and Iolani Palace, home to the last reining monarch, Queen Liliuokalani. Take in turn-of-the-century architecture with a stroll through Chinatown, or ride the trolley through Waikiki and you’ll see historical hotels such as the Sheraton Moana Surfrider and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel made famous in the early 1900’s. Kauai Archaeologists speculate that the first “tourists” to Hawaii landed on Kauai perhaps as early as 500 A.D. The gentle Pacific Ocean trade winds that brought settlers from Marquesas, Tahiti, Samoa and other South Pacific islands were the same that eventually led Captain James Cook to make his first landing in Hawaii on the shores of Waimea, Kauai in 1778. Educational displays of the artifacts and contemporary crafts of the Native Hawaiians can be found at the Kauai Museum. Discover ancient sacred sites on the banks of rivers, near fishponds, in parks or set among the cliffs. Attend a luau (feast) at one of the resorts to see the dances and hear legends of Kauai.Other places where Kauai’s culture and beauty pervade are botanical and cultural gardens, the Kokee Natural History Museum, the Waioli Mission, and the charming historical towns of Hanalei, Hanapepe and Lihue. Hawaii Weather Weather on all of the Hawaiian Islands is very consistent, with only minor changes in temperature throughout the year. This is due to year-round warm sea surface temperatures, which keep the overlying atmosphere warm as well. In practical terms, there are only 2 seasons: the summer months (called Kau in Hawaiian) that extend from May to October and the winter months (Ho’oilo) that run from November to April. The average daytime summer temperature at sea level is 85 degrees F. (29.4 C) while the average daytime winter temperature is 78 degrees (25.6 C). Temperatures at night are approximately 10 degrees F. lower.? ActivitiesHiking through Hawaii’s lush rainforests... Lounging on a secluded beach... Cruising down a volcano on a mountain bike at top speed... These are just a few of the myriad of activities you can do while in Hawaii — The Islands of Aloha. From catching a sunset sail on a balmy, tropical evening to hitting the ski slopes at Mauna Kea crater, Hawaii offers activities to please each individual. You can snorkel, hike, explore and catch an afternoon luau (feast) all in one day. The choice is yours. All you have to do is figure out what you want to do while on vacation in Hawaii. Then again, you may want to do nothing at all. The Language Although more than 100 different languages are spoken in Hawaii, the state’s two official languages are Hawaiian and English. The melodious Hawaiian language is a Polynesian dialect and has only 12 letters in its alphabet: vowels a, e, i, o, u and consonants h, k, l, m, n, p and w. Some of the most popular words you’ll hear in Hawaii are: Aloha love, hello, goodbye Mahalo thank you Keiki child Kane man Wahine woman Kama’aina Hawaii resident Pua flower Mauna mountain Words of Caution Many visitors are drawn to the natural beauty found in higher elevations such as Kokee on Kauai, or Haleakala on Maui, or Kilauea on the Big Island. To prepare for the trip, bring long pants and several layers of cool weather clothing because the temperature in the higher locations drops 3.5 degrees for every 1,000 feet above sea level that you climb. For example, the summit of Haleakala at an elevation of 10,023 feet can be as much as 30 degrees F. cooler than resort areas on the coast. These peaks rise through the earth’s atmosphere so there is less protection from the sun’s powerful burning rays. This burning effect can be easily masked by the cool temperatures on the mountain, so be sure to use sun block liberally, and bring a hat and sunglasses.夏威夷为所有人提供各种活动,一天里，你可以潜水、徒步旅行、探险，或参加夏威夷宴会。一切尽由你决定。你所需要明白的就是在夏威夷度假期间想干什么。当然，你也可以什么都不做。 作为世界上最美丽的胜地，由137个岛屿、小岛和沙洲组成的夏威夷岛链位于波利尼西亚三角洲的北部，此地所涵盖的海洋面积几乎等于整个欧洲和北美的面积。但是，大多数人仅仅知道夏威夷的六个岛屿：考艾岛、瓦胡岛、莫洛凯岛、拉奈岛、毛伊岛以及火奴鲁鲁岛。每年都有成百上千万的游客来到这个美丽的度假胜地旅游或度假。据说，夏威夷的首批居民是在公元300年至800年期间，从南半球的马克萨斯群岛乘船来此。此后，从12世纪开始，大批人从塔希提岛来此定居。夏威夷是一个多姿多彩的地方。火奴鲁鲁市作为州的首府，是一个拥有370,000人口的国际性大都会，而50英里之外的莫洛凯岛仅有7,400居民。 州旗州旗是八条旗，代表夏威夷群岛的主要岛屿：尼华岛、考艾岛、瓦胡岛、毛伊岛、莫洛凯岛、拉奈岛、卡霍奥拉维岛以及大岛等。旗的颜色包括红色、白色和蓝色。旗帜从上到下的条纹颜色依次为：白色、红色、蓝色、白色、红色、蓝色、白色、红色。在左上角是英国国旗。旗帜于19世纪专为卡美哈美哈国王一世设计，旗帜与英国国旗的相似处代表了卡美哈美哈国王与英国的友好关系。 州格言(Ua mau ke ea o ka 悭ina i ka pono.)（守正义则存）。据称，卡美哈美哈国王三世于1843年7月31日说出这样一番话。当时一位英国海军上将在一次短暂的篡位之后，再次举起夏威夷旗帜。 夏威夷风光 大岛（火奴鲁鲁）你可以跳草裙舞，参加真正的夏威夷宴会。继续深入，你会看到独特的混杂的夏威夷、葡萄牙、以及墨西哥文化依然存在，而且在岛上的大牧场的夏威夷牛仔身上得到了充分发挥。或者你可以访问历史悠久的凯阿拉凯库亚湾，詹姆斯·库克船长就是于1779年在这里去世。最后，不要错过Puukohola Heiau，这个神圣的地方是由卡美哈美哈国王于1790年建立，作为对神的供奉，以祈求成功统一夏威夷群岛。 毛伊岛从壮观的哈雷卡拉火山到拉海纳19世纪的历史名胜，毛伊岛具有一系列珍贵的历史和文化名胜，可以使您被深深迷住，并向您展示这一神奇小岛的独特的传统。拉海纳镇是一个国家历史区，具有历史悠久的名胜和各种重要的历史遗迹，可以将人们带回到小镇作为重要捕鲸港口的时代。在毛伊岛，不论到哪里，您一定能够找到历史和文化的足迹。 拉奈岛拉奈岛是一个拥有深厚文化底蕴的地方，具有众多的历史名胜，古老的渔村，以及独特的地貌特征，例如科艾雷巨石。位于岛中心的拉奈市具有十分有趣的地标，其中包括可爱的拉奈儿童剧院以及拉奈旅馆，都是在二十世纪二十年代建立的。在陆亚希瓦有一个史前遗迹，游客在此能够看到34块巨石，每一块都具有由古代夏威夷居民雕刻的神奇岩雕。 莫洛凯岛莫洛凯岛的居民非常尊崇传统，并尽力保护岛上独特的文化遗迹。在这里，好像历史与现实是同在的。岛上最流行的文化名胜是Kalokoeli Fishpond，古代的夏威夷人曾经在此形成了成熟的水产业形式。在南海岸大约有60个鱼塘，其中大多数都是在至少700年前建造的。另外一处不容错过的地方就是Iliiliopae Heiau，这是夏威夷最大的一处祖庙平台。穿过一处茂密的树林，这一历史胜地将给你带来无尽的惊奇。 瓦胡岛瓦胡岛丰富的文化遗迹可能是你最希望探索的，但是毫无疑问，您可以毫不费力地找到。了解瓦胡岛的多彩历史有多种方式。博物馆、神庙、文化中心和节日只是其中的一部分。在主教博物馆和伊奥拉尼皇宫（最后一个统治者利留卡拉尼女王的居所），您可以看到各种史前文物。漫步穿过唐人街，观赏跨世纪的建筑，或乘电车穿过怀基基海滩，你可以看到许多历史悠久的旅馆，例如在20世纪早期就已经非常著名的Moana Surfrider希尔顿和皇家夏威夷酒店。 考艾岛 考古学家推测第一批到夏威夷的“游客”约公元500年在考艾岛登陆。太平洋温和的信风带来了来自马克萨斯、塔希提岛、萨摩亚群岛、以及其他南太平洋岛屿的定居者，也带来了詹姆斯·库克船长，他最先于1778年在外米亚海岸登陆夏威夷的考艾岛。在考艾岛博物馆，可以看到手工精密的史前文物，也能看到当代夏威夷土著人的手工艺制品。在河岸、附近的鱼塘、或在悬崖中间探索古人神圣之所。在其中的一个胜地，参加夏威夷式宴会，观看舞蹈，并欣赏考艾岛的美妙音乐。 考艾岛的其他文化名胜和景观包括植物园和文化公园、寇基自然历史博物馆、怀奥里传教所，以及哈纳雷、哈纳佩佩、里呼依等迷人的历史小镇。 夏威夷的气候 夏威夷群岛的气候非常稳定，全年的气温只有很少的变化。这主要是由于全年温暖的海洋表面温度，使整个环境都非常温暖。实际上，这里只有两个季节：夏季月（夏威夷语为Kau）从五月持续到十月；冬季月（Ho抩ilo）从十一月持续到四月。夏季白天的平均温度为华氏85度（29.4摄氏度），而冬季白天的平均温度为华氏78度（25.6摄氏度）。夜间温度比白天约低华氏10度。 活动 徒步穿越夏威夷茂密的雨林，在隐蔽的沙滩散步，骑山地车从火山上高速驶下。这些仅仅是你在夏威夷（阿洛哈岛）可以参加的众多活动中的一部分。在温暖的热带的晚上迎着落日航行到茂那基山，夏威夷为所有人提供各种活动。一天里，你可以潜水、徒步旅行、探险，或参加夏威夷宴会。一切尽由你决定。你所需要明白的就是在夏威夷度假期间想干什么。当然，你也可以什么都不做。 语言 虽然夏威夷有100多种不同的语言，州的两种官方语言为夏威夷语和英语。声调优美的夏威夷语是一种波利尼西亚方言，在其字母表中仅有12个字母：元音a, e, I, o, u以及辅音h, k, l, m, n, p和w。在夏威夷你会经常听到这些话： Aloha 爱，你好，再见 Mahalo 谢谢 Keiki 孩子 Kane 男人 Wahine 女人 Kama抋ina 夏威夷居民 Puaa 花 Mauna 山 敬告 许多游客非常喜欢海拔很高的自然景观，诸如位于考艾岛的寇基、毛伊岛的哈雷卡拉，或者位于大岛的基劳伊亚等。在准备行程时，要带着长裤以及一些防寒的衣物，因在海平面以上的高地，每上升1,000英尺其温度就会下降3.5度。例如，哈雷卡拉山顶的海拔为10,023英尺，比海岸地区的温度要低华氏30 度。 这些山顶都超过了地球的大气层，因此对于太阳射线的防护大大减少。这些射线很容易被山顶的凉爽温度所掩盖，因此，一定要使用防晒护肤霜，并携带帽子和太阳镜。

1860年10月5日，英法联军兵临北京城下。根据俄国外交官伊格纳提耶夫提供的情报：清 朝守军集中在东城，北城是最薄弱的地方，应先攻取；并听说中国清朝皇帝正在西北郊 的圆明园。于是，英法联军绕抄安定门、德胜门，进犯圆明园，并将圆明园洗劫一空， 制造了震惊中外的“火烧圆明园”事件。 圆明园位于北京西北郊，建于明朝。1709年，清朝康熙帝把该园赐给四子胤祯（后 来的雍正帝），并赐名圆明园。经雍正、乾隆、嘉庆、道光、咸丰五位皇帝150多年的 经营，集中了大批物力，役使了无数能工巧匠，倾注了千百万劳动人民的血汗，把它精 心营造成一座规模宏伟、景色秀丽的离宫。 清朝皇帝每到盛夏就来到这里避暑、听政，处理军政事务，因此也称“夏宫”。 圆明园周围连绵10公里，由圆明园、万春园、长春园组成，而以圆明园最大，故统 称圆明园（亦称圆明三园）。此外，还有许多属园，分布在圆明园的东、西、南三面， 其中有香山的静宜园、玉泉山的静明园、清漪园（后来的颐和园就是在此基础上建造起 来的）等，全园面积合计5000多亩。 圆明园不仅汇集了江南若干名园胜景，还创造性地移植了西方园林建筑，集当时古 今中外造园艺术之大成。园中有宏伟的宫殿，有轻巧玲珑的楼阁亭台；有象征热闹街市 的“买卖街”，有象征农村景色的“山庄”；有仿照杭州西湖的平湖秋月、雷峰夕照， 有仿照苏州狮子林的风景名胜；还有仿照古代诗人、画家的诗情画意建造的，如蓬莱瑶 台、武陵春色等。可以说，圆明园是中国劳动人民智慧和血汗的结晶，也是中国人民建 筑艺术和文化的典范。不仅如此，圆明园内还珍藏了无数的各种式样的无价之宝，极为 罕见的历史典籍和丰富珍贵的历史文物，如历代书画、金银珠宝、宋元瓷器等，堪称人 类文化的宝库之一，也可以这样说，它是世界上一座最大的博物馆。 10月6日，英法联军闯进圆明园，立即疯狂地进行抢劫。 首先闯入圆明园的是法国侵略军，他们见物就抢，每个法国士兵口袋里装进的珍品， 价值三四万法郎。他们空手而进，满载而归。在法国军营里，堆积着珍奇的钟表、五光 十色的绫罗绸缎，以及珍贵的艺术品，价值达3000万法郎。 英国侵略军虽然来迟了一步，但金银财宝也装满口袋。更可恶的是，对那些搬不走 的大瓷器和珐琅瓶，他们打得粉碎。 英法侵略军把圆明园抢劫一空之后，为了消赃灭迹，掩盖罪行，英国全权大臣额尔 金在英国首相帕麦斯顿的支持下，竟下令烧毁圆明园。大规模的焚烧共两次，第一次是 10月7日至9日，主要焚烧圆明园，大火连烧3昼夜，使这座世界名园化为一片焦土。这 场浩劫，正如法国著名作家雨果所描绘和抨击的那样：有一天，两个强盗闯进了夏宫， 一个进行抢劫，另一个放火焚烧。胜利原来可以成为强盗。