英语介绍少数民族

Ⅰ. Population and Distribution

With a population of about 18 million, the Zhuang ethnic minority is the largest minority group in China with a long history and glorious culture. Over 90 percent of the Zhuang people live in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The rest of

the Zhuang people reside in Yunnan, Guangdong, Guizhou and Hunan Provinces. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. Their population, estimated at 18 million people, puts them second only to the Han Chinese and makes the Zhuang the largest minority in China.

Ⅱ.Etymological note

The name of the Zhuang(Rao) minority used to be written 獞. However, the character also refers to a variety of wild dogs, so it was considered an ethnic slur. In 1949, the "animal" radical was replaced by the "human" radical, and the

character became 僮. Eventually, the character was replaced with 壮, a character already in existence meaning "sturdy" or "strong".

Ⅲ.History

The Zhuang did not record their history until the Eastern Zhou dynasty (475-221 BC) of China. The Chinese referred to the area as Bai-Yue. In 1850, this area witnessed the Taiping Rebellion break out. The execution of a French missionary

led to the Second Opium war in 1858. The Franco-Chinese War of 1885 put Vietnam under French supremacy and opened up the area to foreign encroachment. All of this caused a constant economic depression through the nineteenth century.

Together with neighboring Guangdong, Guangxi became an area of Yat-sen’s Nationalist revolution. With the fall of the Qing, the Zhuang sent representatives to the central government to campaign for Guangxi autonomy, but when years of

protocol failed, the "Guangxi Clique" turned to open revolt in 1927. Maintaining a defiant self-rule stance for two years, the Zhuang leaders of Li Tsung-jen and Li Chi-shen modernized Guangxi, but Chiang Kai-shek ruthlessly crushed

their revolt in 1929. Despite the Clique's failure, Chiang could not put Guangxi under direct provincial rule, and it remained unruly until 1950. The Kuomintang's suppression of Guangxi led to widespread support of Communism. During World War II Guangxi was a major target of Japanese attacks, as they invaded the coast in 1939. The famous patriotic newspaper National Salvation Daily was printed at Guilin. In 1944, the Japanese launched a major offensive to take the western half of Guangxi, but with relentless Zhuang guerrillas, the Japanese were routed.

Ⅳ.Culture

⑴.Language

Main article: Zhuang language

There is an indigenous Zhuang language, which has been written with Zhuang logograms based on Chinese characters for over a thousand years, and now is officially written in Roman letters.

The Zhuang language is a language from the Tai language group used by the Zhuang people. Most speakers live in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China, where it is an official language.

Standardized Zhuang is based on the dialect of Wuming County. Buyei is actually just a slightly different standard form of Zhuang, used across the province border in Guizhou. There is a dialect continuum between Zhuang and Buyei.

Zhuang is a tonal language. It has six tones in open syllables.

⑵.Religion And Belief

Most Zhuang follow a traditional animist/ancestor-oriented religion, however, there are a number of Buddhists, Daoists, and Christians in Guangxi as well.Since the ancient times, the Zhuang people have had numerous kinds of beliefs. They

believe in the propagation, the totem, and their ancestors. Now, most of them are polytheists, believing the power of many inanimate things in nature, such as giant trees, high mountains, cavity, the earth, the sun, water and so on.

Sacrifice activities are usually held because of their beliefs of being blessed by the divinity and to prevent all kinds of disasters.

(3).Food and Food Culture

The Zhuang people's primary products are tropical and subtropical crops such as rice and corn due to the mild climate and abundant rainfall. The people eat all kinds of meat, including beef, mutton, pork and chicken, etc. The vegetables

of their daily life are of various kinds. Poached and pickled vegetables are the favored ones.

The Zhuang people are so hospitable that any guests are honored by the whole village. Wine is a must when treating the guests. Guests are shown a unique way of drinking each others wine in the spoon by crossing each other's arms. The

elder person is shown respect by nobody eating before him or her.

Ⅴ.Notables

Huang Xian Fan , Chinese historian,ethnologist and educator.

Li Ning, Chinese gymnast and entrepreneur.

Shi Dakai, Taiping leader.

Nong Zhigao, Zhuang leader

Ⅵ.Traditions -> Festivals and Customs

Besides sharing similar festivals with the Han, the Zhuang minority has its unique ones including: the Devil Festival, the Ox Soul Festival, and the Singing Festival.

(1).The March 3rd Festival

Formerly known as "Shangsi Festival", the March 3rd Festival is a traditional festival observed by the Han people and a number of ethnic minority groups. In ancient times, the first Si day (according to the year numbering system by the

Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches) was called "Shangsi" and celebrated as a festival. Most of the time, March 3rd of the lunar calendar happened to be a Si day. So, after the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Shangsi Festival was set on the

third of lunar March and renamed "the March 3rd Festival". Originally March 3rd was more focused on religious activities to ward off disaster and keep evil spirits at bay as well as to pray for having children. The activities included

sacrificial rituals in honor of Goddess Gao Mei, "Fu Xi" (a bathing ritual) and get-togethers attended by young men and women etc.

Gao Mei is the Goddess of Marriage and Childbearing. People would pray her for childbearing through sacrificial rituals. Meanwhile, "Fu Xi" was carried out to get rid of ailments by bathing. It was believed to cure women's infertility.

And get-togethers through spring outings provided a chance for young men and women to get to know each other and to seek future significant others. Such gatherings were also aimed at marriage and childbearing. In addition, activities

like floating eggs, dates and wine cups on the river were also held.

(2)Other Cultures

Other cultures such as frescoes and bronze drums are also of splendid fame.

The Zhuang minority's frescoes carved on the steep cliffs are of extreme Zhuang characteristics. Figures, beasts and some other patterns carved 2,000 years ago will make everyone appreciate the image of the Zhuang's ancestors and the superb technique.

The bronze drum used both in sacrifice and festivals, delivers a special culture of the Zhuang ethnic minority. On the top and sides of the drums, the sun, frogs, dragon, dancing women and other patterns are decorated. It is a great revelation of their worship to the sun and frog. Nowadays, the bronze drum has become an indispensable musical instrument for the festivals

56个少数民族：56 ethnic minorities，阿昌族、白族、保安族、布朗族、布依族、朝鲜族、达斡尔族、傣族、德昂族、侗族、东乡族、独龙族、鄂伦春族、俄罗斯族、鄂温克族、高山族、仡佬族、哈尼族、哈萨克族、赫哲族、回族、基诺族、京族、景颇族、柯尔克孜族、拉祜族、黎族、僳僳族、珞巴族、满族、毛南族、门巴族、蒙古族、苗族、仫佬族、纳西族、怒族、普米族、羌族、撒拉族、畲族、水族、塔吉克族、塔塔尔族、土族、土家族、佤族、维吾尔族、乌兹别克族、锡伯族、瑶族、彝族、裕固族、藏族、壮族。： AChangZu, bai, BaoAnZu, cloth light clan, BuYiZu, Korean, daur, dai, DeAngZu, dong, republic, DuLongZu, olunchun, Russia, GaoShanZu, GeLaoZu, ewenki, hani national minority, kazak, hui, the hezhen nationality, JiNuoZu, jing, jingpo, kirgiz, governments, li, Su Su clan, LuoBaZu, manchu, maonan, monba minority nationality, MuLaoZu, miao, naxi, clan, qiang, salar, primi, minority, aquatic animals, tajik, family, tatar, tu, tujia, wa, uygur, uzbek, xibe nationality, yao, yi, yugur, Tibetan, zhuang.

Water-Sprinkling Festival （泼水节）Water-Sprinkling Festival is a major festival of the Dai nationality that comes about two weeks after Qingming Festival in early April. The first day just like the eve of Spring Festival, the third day just like the spring festival day, means a first of a new year, stands for new, happy and lucky day. On the morning of the first day of Water Sprinkling Festival, people of Dai nationality will go to Buddhist Temple for bathing their numen, and then begin to sprinkle with blessing each other. They are dancing as well as calling: "water! water! water!"During the Water Sprinkling Festival, young Dai people like playing Throw Seven-barks game to look for girlfriend or boyfriend. Boating Race is also very necessary during the days. It will hold in Lancang River, which will add more fun and happiness on the days!泼水节（泼水节）泼水节是，大约两个星期后，清明节在四月初，傣族的重大节日。第一天就像春节前夕，第三天像春天的节日，是一新的一年，是新的，快乐和幸运的一天。在泼水节的第一天早上，傣族人会去寺庙沐浴他们的守护神，然后撒上互相祝福。他们也叫舞：水！水！水！“；在泼水节期间，年轻人喜欢玩掷七代树皮游戏找女朋友或男朋友。划船比赛也是很有必要的时候。它将在澜沧河，这将增加更多的乐趣和幸福的日子！As it is known to us all, there are 55 minority groups in China, each with its traditional customs, costumes and culture. Now let’s take a look at the Tibetan Minority.The Tibetan Minority group live in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan and Yunnan Province. And the highest ridge in the world─beautiful and mysterious Tibet is their major habitat .As the fertilized prairie stretches around the habitants as far as the eyes can see, most people live on animal husbandry, raising sheep, goats, cattle and growing a special kind of plant called Qingke. On account of the unique climate, people often wear warm and comfortable boots in winter, and they are always dressed in delicate robes which are made of the fur of sheep. Often they take off one sleeve of the clothes and tie it around their waists in order to work easily and use it as warm quilts at night.Both men and women there like wearing silver ornaments, which look very mysterious and full of magical power. And they are good at singing and dancing, and the men there can have braids too. When they meet an important guest, they will present him or her a Hada, a piece of long white silk cloth to show their respect. And they will also treat the guest to a special kind of drink called Suyou Tea, which some people find hard to enjoy.Besides, the habitants have developed both their own written and spoken languages, and the long poems they wrote play an important role in Chinese literature. And there are many well-protected culture relics as well, taking the grand Budala Palace as an example. It is a historical museum as well as an art treasury, where people can share their spirit belief in Buddhism and get artistic entertainment of the carved paintings and the beautifully-written chirographies.The Tibetan ethnic group is also famous for its strange custom in funeral. Thinking that the soul belongs to the sky after a person dies, they usually put the body on a platform outdoors, spray on it and wait the condors to come to eat the body. In this way, they believe the soul goes up to the sky.The Tibetan Minority is brimming over with deep emotions. The people there are very zealous and hospitable and they live freely and happily on the spacious grassland. Their history and culture contribute to the diversity of China, so we certainly should protect them and get them popularized and let them receive great respect they deserve.因为它是我们大家都知道，有55个少数民族群体在中国，各有自己的传统习俗，服饰文化。现在让我们看一看在藏族。西藏少数民族居住在青海，甘肃，四川和云南省。和最高的脊在世界─美丽而神秘的西藏是他们的主要栖息地。当受精的草原绵延在居民至于眼睛可以看到，大多数人生活在畜牧业，饲养绵羊，山羊，牛和成长的一种特殊的植物叫青稞。在独特的气候，人们经常穿着温暖舒适的靴子在冬天，他们总是穿着精致长袍是由羊的毛。他们常常把一套衣服，把它系在腰间，轻松的工作和使用它作为晚上温暖的被子。男人和女人都有喜欢戴银饰品，这看起来很神秘，充满了神奇的力量。他们都擅长唱歌和跳舞，和那里的人可以有辫子太。当他们遇到一个重要的客人，他们将他或她的哈达，一块长长的白色丝绸以示他们的敬意。他们还将招待客人的一种特殊的酒叫素有茶，而有些人觉得很难享受。此外，居民已经开发了自己的书面语言和口头语言，和长的诗写了中国文学中发挥重要的作用。有许多很好的保护文化遗产的同时，以宏伟的布达拉宫为例。这是一个历史的博物馆以及艺术宝库，在那里人们可以分享他们的精神信仰和佛教的雕刻绘画艺术娱乐和漂亮的书体。藏族是著名的丧葬风俗。认为人死后灵魂属于天空，他们通常把尸体放在一台室外，喷雾和等待秃鹫来吃身体。这样，他们相信灵魂升到了天空。藏族是充满了深深的情感。那里的人很热情好客，他们自由地生活，愉快地在开阔的草原。他们的历史和文化有助于中国的多样性，所以我们当然要保护他们，让他们推广和让他们受到极大的尊重，他们应得的。

56个民族：56 ethnic groups 。

一、中华民族包括汉族、满族、蒙古族、回族、藏族、维吾尔族、苗族、彝族、壮族、布依族、侗族、瑶族、白族、土家族、哈尼族、哈萨克族、傣族、黎族、傈僳族、佤族、畲族、高山族、拉祜族、水族、东乡族、纳西族、景颇族、柯尔克孜族、土族、达斡尔族、

仫佬族、羌族、布朗族、撒拉族、毛南族、仡佬族、锡伯族、阿昌族、普米族、朝鲜族、塔吉克族、怒族、乌孜别克族、俄罗斯族、鄂温克族、德昂族、保安族、裕固族、京族、塔塔尔族、独龙族、鄂伦春族、赫哲族、门巴族、珞巴族、基诺族共56个民族。

二、After ethnic identification, the current Chinese nation includes Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uygur, Miao, Yi, Zhuang, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, WA, she, Gaoshan, Lahu, Shui, Dongxiang, Naxi, Jingpo, Kirgiz Tu,

Daur, Mulao, Qiang, Bulang, Sala, Maonan, Gelao, Xibo, Achang, Pumi, Korean, Tajik, Nu, Uzbek, Russian, Ewenki, De'ang, Bao'an, Yugur, Jing, Tatar, Dulong, Elunchun, Hezhe, Menba, Luoba, Jinuo There are 56 nationalities in total。

扩展资料：

中国的民族识别工作，大体可划分为四个阶段。

第一阶段：从1949年中华人民共和国成立至1954年第一次全国人口普查。经过深入细致的实地考察和科学研究，这一阶段首先认定了（包括历来公认的）蒙古、回、藏、满、维吾尔、苗、彝、壮、布依、朝鲜、侗、瑶、白、哈尼、哈萨克、傣、黎、傈僳、佤、拉祜、高山、水、东乡、纳西、景颇、柯尔克孜、土、羌、撒拉、锡伯、塔吉克、乌孜别克、俄罗斯、鄂温克、鄂伦春、保安、裕固、塔塔尔等38个少数民族。

第二阶段：从1954年至1964年第二次全国人口普查。在第一阶段取得的经验和成果基础上，进一步把民族识别工作引向深入。本阶段对上次全国人口普查登记的所剩族体名称（183个）进行逐一研究，新确定了15个少数民族，即土家、畲、达斡尔、赫哲、仫佬、布朗、仡佬、阿昌、普米、怒、崩龙（后改名为德昂）、独龙、京、毛难（后改名为毛南）、门巴；同时，将普查中自报的74个族体分别归并到已确定的53个少数民族中。

第三阶段：从1965年至1982年第三次全国人口普查。这一阶段中，1965年认定了西藏珞瑜地区的珞巴族，1979年认定了云南基诺山的基诺族。至此，我国民族大家庭的成员增加到56个。

第四阶段：从1982年第三次全国人口普。本阶段的民族识别工作除继续为一小部分族体的认定进行调查研究外，主要进行民族成份的恢复、更改和某些族体的归并工作。据统计，自1982年以来，全国恢复、更改民族成份的人数在1200万人以上。

参考资料来源：百度百科-中华民族