咕噜咕噜SP
无论是在学校还是在社会中,大家总免不了要接触或使用作文吧,借助作文可以宣泄心中的情感,调节自己的心情。相信许多人会觉得作文很难写吧,下面是我精心整理的应用文作文8篇,欢迎阅读与收藏。
编写作者小传的目的,是为了宣传作者,扩大影响,让其更广泛地得到社会的了解和承认;同时,也是给读者正确理解作品提供方便。鲁迅说过:倘:Problems in My Life中考英语作文:我与奥运20xx年英语求职信样本全市高一年级全体英语教师新课程培训工作总结20xx英语专业大学生求职信英语专业毕业生实习介绍信 高中作文素材:考场作文素材 应用文写作技巧
作者小传是一种以简洁的文字,介绍作者生平中的主要史实以及创作、研究活动中主要成就的微型传记。读者不仅能从横的方面了解作者的年龄、单位、职业,还能从纵的方面,观察到作者在生活和创作道路上留下的足迹。
写作者小传时,应注意以下几点:
一要注意稳定性。特别是图书,再版机会较多,要长期留传下去,因此一些不够稳定的材料,如作者的现任职务,正在撰写的著作之类,就不宜写到小传中去。
二要注意准确性。小传中的内容,是带有史料性质的,有的可能被广泛引用,一旦失实,容易以讹传讹,造成混乱。因此,编写作者小传,要以可靠的材料为依据,并应作必要的核实。
三是要注意分寸感。特别对作者及其作品的评价,一定要实事求是。不能滥用著名的、杰出的一类形容词,乱戴名家、新秀一类桂冠。
此外,作者小传还应该在小字上面下功夫:小巧、精悍、扎实,言之有物。在文字风格上,最好能少一点履历表的色彩。写作者小传,也是向社会介绍和推荐人才,不仅要有严肃、冷静的态度,而且要有饱满、动人的热情。这样写出的小传,就能让人觉得可靠、可读而又可亲。
一般的传记和自传,除了内容更加充实、丰富,写法更加多样之外,基本原则与作者小传是相通的。
[例如]
韩愈(768-824),字退之,邓州南阳(今河南南阳)人。幼年时期贫穷孤苦,由嫂抚养。刻苦学习,公元七九二年考中进士。公元八一七年,宰相裴度督率李塑(说明:塑土字底应换成心字底)等诸将平淮西藩镇,韩愈任行军司马。公元八一九年因谏唐宪宗(李纯)不要迎佛骨,降职为潮州(今广东)刺史。他是唐朝著名的散文家、诗人,是古文化运动的主将之一,极力反对六朝以来的追求丽辞僻典的文风。他在散文方面有很高的成就,反对一味模拟古语,提倡散文语言要有独创精神。他提倡把文章写得通达顺畅,合乎文法。著作有《韩昌黎集》。
雨,滴滴答答的犹如蜻蜓点水一般在拍打着地面,像是在抱怨,又像是在呢喃。细细地,轻轻地,更像是在心中的呐喊,让我有了一丝惆怅。
雨,继续下着,军训也依旧进行着。由于下雨,今天教官在教室教我们唱军歌。起初也没什么兴趣,但一句句雄伟的歌词,一首首振奋人心的歌曲,让我感到军人的生活其实非常充实快乐。“军人殉国,魂佑疆土”是军民为人民无私贡献的宗旨,“团结就是力量”更让我珍惜和这个班集体在一起的时光。一首首军歌让我感受到军人是神圣的,让我从内心开始佩服他们。中午,老师为让我们放松,给我们搜了一部电影来看。虽然还没看完,却让我们收获颇丰,感触良多。为参加任务,一对军人情侣推迟结婚。在参加任务的时候,女人却牺牲了。这样的故事还有很多很多,军人牺牲太多来保卫祖国,服务人民。
站军姿的时候,老师要我们一动不动的站着,很辛苦。但是教官对我们说:“越要在最累的时候,越要坚持。”随着夜幕的降临,第二天的军训也接近尾声。军训的成绩好与坏直接计入我们的综合档案,所以我致力做到更好。军训很辛苦,但坚持就是胜利,有人说:“只有享不到的福,没有吃不了的苦。”既然做了,就要做好。
繁星一闪一闪,点缀着天空,变幻成了一个美丽的星空。溪水潺潺,叮咚作响。生活这么美好,同样的事不能重来,所以要珍惜每一个人、每一件事、每一分每一秒!
知识要点:
1、根据生活需要,写日常应用文。
2、应用文的写作,要做到格式正确,语言准确。
考试说明:
应用文是国家机关、社会团体、人民群众在日常生活、工作、学习中办理公务和个人事物时具有直接使用价值和某种惯用体式的一类文章的总称。它包括带有法定性的公文,还包括一般应用文。
与其它实用文体相比,应用文有以下几个特点:
首先,在形式上,应用文都有固定的惯用体式,格式稳定,排列规范,结构形式完整严谨。如书信,一般由称谓、正文、祝词、署名、日期五部分组成,通常不随意改动。
其次,在内容上,力求准确,有针对性。或提出要解决的问题,或介绍、总结、说明工作中的实际情况。写作时务必将时间、地点、基本情况、事件原委、处理办法或措施等方面的内容交代清楚。另外,时间要求极为严格,要及时,因为应用文都是为解决问题而写的。
第三,在语言上,要求准确平实,通俗易懂,简练明白。叶圣陶先生说:公文不一定要好文章,可是必须写得一清二楚,十分明确,句稳词妥,通体通顺,让人家不折不扣地了解你说的是什么。多数应用文不宜采用描写、抒情,切忌堆砌形容词;更不允许虚构和夸张,即使有描述,其目的必须是为了说明问题。应用文还经常使用一些专用词汇和术语。此外,应用文在语言方面还有较多地运用并列短语、介宾短语,沿用一些文言句式等语法特点。
应用文可分四类:第一类是公文书类,有通知、决议、指令、请示等,是党政机关、群众团体、企事业单位在公务活动中使用的文书。第二类是事务文书类,有计划、总结、报告、合同等,是交流情况,完成某项工作任务,解决问题的工具。第三类是科研应用文类,有学术论文、毕业论文,科研报告等,是进行科研和描述研究成果的重要文体。第四类日常应用文,有书信、日记、电报等,这一类应用文使用频繁,中学生学习这类应用文非常重要。
初中阶段应掌握的'应用文有:通知、启事、电报、汇款、介绍信、证明信、公开信、倡议书、申请书、感谢信、表扬信、慰问信、贺词、贺信、贺电、会议记录、合同、民事诉状、计划、公约、海报、黑板报、科技报告、产品说明书、唁电、唁函等。下面分别从格式、结构、语言三方面谈应用文的写作。
1、应用文的格式
应用文都有约定俗成的惯用格式,有了格式,不仅眉目清楚,而且有了规矩。这为读写应用文、处理问题提供了很多方便。且部分应用文的格式有直接生效的指导作用或法律约束。因此,写应用文必须遵从各种应用文惯用格式。以电报稿、通知、启事、申请书、感谢信、表扬信、祝贺信、倡议书、建议书和一般书信为例:
(1)关于称呼语。启事不必开头写称呼语,通知如标题已明确通知的对象,不加称呼语了。其余8种都要求抬头顶格写称呼语,称呼语后面必须有冒号,问候语不能语称呼语同一行。
(2)关于正文首行。只有电报的正文首行顶格写,其余都空两格开始写。
(3)关于致敬语。结尾不写致敬语的有:倡议书、建议书、启事、电报和通知。结尾必须写致敬语的有:祝贺信、申请书、感谢信、表扬信和一般书信。致敬语不能与其它内容写在同一行。
敬礼必须另起一行顶格写。敬礼之后一般不点标点符号,要写也只能写一个叹号。
(4)关于署名和日期。只有电报的署名紧连正文,其余均可另起一行右署名。
只有电报不写拍发日期,其余都要在署名下一行位置上写准日期。写日期时,汉字和阿拉伯数字使用要一致,不能混用。
报纸刊物创刊或复刊时,照例应有一篇发刊词或复刊词。它是编者在读者面前的第一次亮相,也是编辑创办该报刊的宣言,因而有助于读者对报刊的了解,能帮助报刊迅速扩大影响。发刊词有时为了显得别致一点,也称见面的话、开篇絮语、致读者等。
发刊词在写法上,可以百花齐放:或明白晓畅,如晴川丽日;或含蓄深沉,如林海云涛;或激情磅礴,如大江东去;或舒徐婉转,如幽兰飘香……这种不同的风格,和报刊的性质有关,和特定的时代气氛有关,也和编者的审美情趣、精神气质有关。但不管以什么面目出现,一般都应包括以下基本内容:
第一、介绍本刊(报)的性质;
第二、阐述办刊(报)的宗旨;
第三、明确读者对象;
第四、宣布办刊(报)的方针;
第五、提出关于稿件方面的要求和对作者、读者的希望。
当然,在具体写作时,不必面面俱到,而应有所侧重,有所创造,突出特点。一个报刊要有自己的个性,在发刊词上就要体现出来。所以,发刊词写法要因刊而异。为了取得良好的宣传效果,发刊词除了旗帜鲜明、富有个性之外,还应注意态度的诚恳,要让读者有亲切感。
一、结构的含义和作用
1、掌握结构的含义应用文的结构,是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排,是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映,为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义:一是宏观结构,即文章的总体构思、大体框架;二是微观结构,即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。
2、了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架,是安排文章的具体形式,是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段,是准确表达主题的必由之路,也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式,才能把主题和材料组合在一起,形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在:
(1)使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态,它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择,逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的形式,也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书,具有相当固定的惯用格式。
(2)使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构,就是根据一定的思路,将零散的材料组织起来,使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。
(3)使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构,可以增加文章的文采,从而增强其可读性。
二、安排结构的条件
1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系
在文章结构的两重含义中,总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”,是指对材料的安排要有次序,这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。
1、思路的含义
思路是作者思维活动的路线,是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。
作者思路清晰,结构必然有条不紊;作者思路不清晰,结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料,只有经过合理的组织安排,使之条理化、系统化,组成一个有机的整体,才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。
2、思路与结构的关系
在写作构思阶段,作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题,选择好材料,并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料,由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时,文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时,文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此,作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点:
(1)思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称,动笔前,就需要作者匠心独运,形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路,进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是,文章反映客观事物,决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制,而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此,不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见,文章的结构就新颖独特;思路狭窄而落俗,会使文章的结构板滞僵死;思路紊乱,文章的条理就必然不清;思路松散,文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。
(2)结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰,文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰,主题才能得以准确地表达;思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞,文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。
2.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法
(1)注意思路的条理性和逻辑性,使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰,指展开思路要有顺序、有层次,同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密,指思路要周到、严密,没有疏漏和缺损,不要顾此失彼,自相矛盾。连贯,指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序,而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系,做到气脉贯通、流畅。
(2)注意思路的灵活性、独创性,使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔,是指思路的开展要打破思维定势,进行多向探索,使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速,使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。
(3)养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯,由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维,要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。
(4)写作前要通盘思考,立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点,确定如何起笔,主体分几个部分展开,怎样收尾。
nanaxuanku
写好雅思 作文 离不开日积月累,下面我给大家带来雅思写作 范文 素材:advertisement,希望大家喜欢。
雅思写作高分范文之是否应禁止 广告 范文
In recent years, more and more advertisements have been flooding into our lives. Some advertisements exert negative effects on the youth. Therefore some people suggest that advertisements be banned. Do you agree or disagree with this? Give your reasons.
Along with the rapid progress of society, the advertising industry has undergone remarkable development. Every day we are surrounded by all kinds of ads and commercials, which have a profound influence on our daily lives. As a result, there arises a fierce debate concerning the proposal that we should ban all kinds of advertisements.
On one hand, some people are in favor of the idea that advertisement should not be banned; instead it should be further developed. They are of the opinion that advertisement is a good channel which helps promote the exchanges of information. In an era of information, everyone can benefit a lot from the advertisements, not only the manufacturers but the customers. Moreover, the advertisement enables people to catch up with the amazing advance in all fields. From the mushrooming advertisements, people get to know some newest products and the trend of consumption. Thirdly, advertising, to some extent, is not only an industry but an art. Many advertisements are elaborate works of art full of ingenuity and originality, which render great spiritual pleasure to the viewers and add to the picturesque cityscape. In a word, the advertisement is a blessing for modern people.
Despite the benefits advertisement has brought us, many people strongly condemn it, saying that they have been fed up with all kinds of rubbish ads. They call for a comprehensive ban on the advertisement based on the following reasons. First of all, a majority of advertisements are fictitious and misleading, causing confusion in people’s daily life and even leading to the injury and death of some customers. Secondly, they bring many inconveniences and troubles to us. For example, are you pleased with a mailbox stuffed with unwanted ads or a wonderful film on TV being interrupted frequently? Furthermore, the non-standard use of language in advertisement brings about irreparable damage to the integrity and purity of our language. Consequently, it will exert a disastrous impact on the literacy of our younger generations. In some people’s eyes, the advertisement is just a Genie out of the bottle.
To be frank, it is quite impossible for people to reach an absolute consensus on most controversial issues. To my mind, a total ban on advertisement is not an ideal and practical choice. How can we imagine all advertisements vanishing overnight? The demerits should by no means make us lose sight of the benefits advertisements have brought to us. A more workable and rational attitude should be adopted; that is, to eliminate the false and retain the true. Always bear in mind the old saying:“never throw away the baby with bath water.”
雅思写作大作文范文之 儿童 观看广告
雅思写作真题范文:There are many advertisements directed at children, such as snacks, toys and other goods. Parents argue that children are under pressure. Advertisers claim that the advertisements provide useful information. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.(有许多针对儿童的广告,如零食、玩具和其他商品。家长们认为孩子们处于压力之下。广告商声称广告提供有用的信息。讨论两种观点并给出你自己的观点。
雅思写作大作文题目讲解
此次大作文考察的为广告类话题,也是一道老题目。题目中提出了对立双方:父母认为孩子们比较受广告影响,从而产生一定压力;广告商则认为广告本身能够提供大量有用信息。
雅思写作大作文参考范文
随着儿童成长为广告业的目标群体,产生了一系列针对这些广告的广告,引起了社会的一些争议。
As children grow to be the target group of advertisement industry, a range of advertisements aimed at them have been produced, which had caused some controversies in the society.
Those who advocate the spread of advertising targeted at children deem that these advertisements can provide potential customers with a comprehensive understanding of the products advertised, which can help consumers make well-informed buying decisions. Since television advertisements can present goods in a visual and audio way, this can definitely enhance people’s knowledge of the advertised goods, especially some electronic toys or newly-introduced food.
On the other hand, parents are concerned that children are easily attracted by the vivid advertisement from the Internet or television, and because of it, kids will pester their parents to buy the goods advertised. Obviously, children are a group of consumers without the ability to distinguish good from bad and right from wrong. If they are convinced of the benefits of the products from the advertisement, they will not consider the negative aspects or further explore the truth of the advertisement itself.
Besides, peer pressure is another point which needs to be mentioned here. The widespread advertising campaign will make the public overwhelmed by these advertisements, which means there will always be some parents and children purchasing the advertised goods, and therefore, some psychological factor of children may urge a part of them to obtain the products even though they may not need the goods.
Personally, advertisements themselves contain a lot of information which can be quite useful for consumers. If the advertising industry can be well regulated and children being supervised when they are watching the advertisements, there is no need for parents to worry about the side effects by the widespread advertisements.
雅思考试大作文范文:广告与媒体的问题
雅思大作文题目:广告与媒体的问题
雅思大作文范文:
Television screens, newspapers, buses, andalmost all city streets are flooded by all kinds ofadvertisements. This has both advantages anddisadvantages to consumers who are unavoidablyinfluenced, though the degrees vary from person to person.
Because of the advertisements placed by many competing companies, consumers are ableto learn about certain new products rapidly. If a product happens to be what some consumersneed, they might be attracted to make a purchase and have trial use. If it turns out to bereally good, people would set about recommending it to friends and the sales of this product willgo up very quickly. So, we see this is a win-win situation both to consumers and manufacturersand we also see that consumers are not just influenced profoundly all at once. It takes time forthem to establish faith in the advertised products.
In most cases, the advertised products are good and worth buying. But there are alsocases where the effects or functions of a certain product are much exaggerated and it willdefinitely fool some people when they are attracted all at once and go to buy it. Since a productcan only win the market through its quality and its long established fame, there’s everyreason to believe that those fake or much exaggerated products will eventually lose theirmarket shares and die out. Thus, we see that the market is selective and consumers aresensible in the long term.
In developed countries, there are strict censorship and supervising systems regardingadvertising. If the advertisement put up by a company fails to honor the advertised effects, itwould be termed as fraud, thus violating the law which could lead to really serious result. Inmost cases, the manufacturing company would be fined so heavily that it would be difficult for itto survive any longer.
From the foregoing discussion, we can see that advertisements influence consumers bothfavorably and unfavorably and the degrees of this influence differ from person to person. Toprotect consumers, governments can follow the practice of developed countries by enforcingreally strict censorship and supervising laws in regard to advertising as a whole.
雅思写作语言素材积累:广告类
If a product is good or it meets people’s needs, people will buy it, so advertising is unnecessary and no more than an entertainment. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 人们购买商品是因为需要,广告没有作用,仅仅是娱乐,是否认同?
点评: no more than = only adv 仅仅
相关提问:
1. Nowadays, customers are facing increasing advertisements with the competition of different companies. To what extent do you think customers are influenced by advertisements? What measures can be taken to protect the customers? 现在广告愈来愈多,广告在多大的程度上影响了消费者,如何保护消费者?
点评:分析广告的弊端以及提出解决策略。
2. Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 产品销量的提高反映了广告的作用,不是社会需求,是否认同?
点评:广告话题最难的提问角度,写作思路为让步反驳:广告为何不是提高产品销量的因素。
3. Some people believe that advertisements should be banned since they serve no useful purpose and can even be damaging. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 广告应不应该被废除?
点评:让步反驳写法,谈及广告的利好,不能因噎废食。
综合点评:广告为恒热话题,经典提问角度:是否应该废除广告。广告对于消费者的影响和解决策略。广告的利弊。儿童广告的影响和解决策略。
薛鹏思路拓展:
广告的利好:
1. 广告的 教育 性: 公益广告扮演了教育者的角色,例如,希望工程的广告唤醒了人们对偏远地区的失学儿童的关注。
2. 广告的信息性:广告是人们获得信息的 渠道 以及源泉。例如,电视购物广告为人们购买心仪商品提供了便利。
3. 广告的娱乐性:广告是传媒的一种形式,通常具有幽默性,因此,有趣的广告可以博人一笑,增加生活乐趣,例如苹果手机的广告。
广告的弊端:
1. 非法广告以及虚假广告危害消费者的利益。例如,很多化妆品以及药品广告,充满了花哨的宣传语以及空洞的承诺,夸大产品的功能,极端情况下,威胁人的健康。
2. 明星代言的广告,诱发消费者购买他们不需要的商品,增加了消费者的经济负担。
3. 很多电视广告令人讨厌,打断精彩的节目。同理,很多人在街头散发广告单,污染环境,浪费行人时间。
解决广告的弊端:
1. 政府对于非法广告加强监管。
2. 广告明星增强守法意识,理性代言。
3. 消费者增强自我保护意识,理性消费。
薛鹏原创语料库:(同时写作口语卡片:一则广告)
基本语料库:
1. advertisement = advertising n 广告
2. TV commercial n 电视广告
3. public-service ads = public –interest ads n 公益广告
4. advertisement campaign n 广告宣传
5. wise consumers = wise buyers n理性的消费者
6. censorship of ads n广告审查
7. wise buying n 理性消费
8. ads produced by super stars n明星做的广告
9. makeup ads n化妆品广告
10. medicine ads n药品广告
谈及广告的利好:
1. Under no circumstances can we uunderestimate the indispensable roles of ads
in our lives.我们不能忽视广告在生活中的作用。
2. witty slogan 智慧的宣传语
3. eye-catching pictures n 精美的图片
4. exert a subtle influence on v对于 …… 有微妙的影响
5. …… play the role of educator v 扮演教育者的角色
6. …… is a significant source of information v是信息的源泉
7. …… bring huge convenience to consumers v 给消费者带来便利
8. …… serve the function of entertainment v 有娱乐功能
9. promote the sales of the relevant products v 提高相关产品的销量
10. …… is a kind of indispensable industry that create a number of job opportunities and promote the prosperity of relevant industries such as …… 是不可缺少的产业,可以解决就业以及促进相关产业的繁荣例如……
谈及广告的弊端:
1. However, we can never ignore the negative influence induced by advertisement campaign. 然而,我们不能忽视由于广告引起的弊端。
2. Many advertising companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers 很多的广告公司会雇佣歌手以及明星代言商品。
3. fake and illegal ads n虚假的非法的广告
4. …… are full of flowery phrases and empty promises …… 充满了花哨的宣传语以及空洞的承诺。
5. buy goods without consideration = purchase goods impulsively v冲动购物
6. endanger the consumers’ interests v 威胁到消费者的利益
7. impose much pressure upon consumers economically v 增加消费者的经济负担。
8. consumers are affected by = consumers are influenced by = consumers are swayed by …… v消费者被…… 影响
9. poorly educated children in the remote rural areas n偏远农村地区的文盲儿童
点评:illiterate = poorly educated adj 没有受到良好教育的。
10. irrational buyers = unwise buyers n非理性的消费者
如何解决广告的弊端:
1. strengthen the censorship of counterfeited or illicit ads v 加强对于非法广告和虚假广告的审查力度
2. Consumers could be away from those detrimental ads. 消费者可以远离有害广告的影响。
3. Ads stars enhance their lawful awareness and assume more social responsibilities 广告明星应该增强守法意识以及承担更多的社会责任
4. foster rational consumption habit v培养理性的消费习惯
5. collect some information of other consumers before buying a product v 在买商品前收集一些信息
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