劲草黑锅
语 法 结 构 ——时 态(时态上)一般现在时表示现在、经常或习惯的动作或状态和普遍现象、常识或客观真理;一般过去时用于过去某一时间内发生的或过去习惯性的动作或状态;一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,将来打算做的事情;现在完成时表示过去发生的动作造成目前的结果和对现在造成的影响或表示从过去延续至今的动作、状态和习惯等;将来完成时表示将来某时之前业已完成或发生的事情;过去完成时表示过去某时间之前已经发生的动作或状况,即过去的过去。注意每一种时态与其他时态的交叉使用情况。英语共有十六种时态,其表现形式如下(以study为例):一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 现在 studystudies am studyingis studyingare studying have studiedhas studied have been studyinghas been studying 过去 studied was studyingwere studying had studied had been studying 将来 shall studywill study shall be studyingwill be studying shall have studiedwill have studied shall have been studyingwill have been studying 过去将来 should studywould study should be studyingwould be studying should have studiedwould have studied should have been studyingwould have been studying考试中出现的一般有以下几种。I、一般现在时一、表示一般性或经常发生的动作或状态1) In general 〔A〕 , newspapers emphasize current news, whereas 〔B〕 magazines dealt 〔C〕 more with 〔D〕 background materials.2) The adult mosquito usually lives for about 〔A〕 thirty days, although 〔B〕 the life span varied 〔C〕 widely with temperature, humidity, and other 〔D〕 factors of the environment.3) Industrial buyers 〔A〕 are responsible 〔B〕 for supplying 〔C〕 the goods and services that an organization required 〔D〕 for its operations.二、表示习惯性动作和状态或普遍的现象或常识4) It is an accepted 〔A〕 custom in west countries that 〔B〕 men removed 〔C〕 their hats when a woman enters 〔D〕 the room.5) Certain layers of the atmosphere have special names .〔A〕which indicated their character properties〔B〕whose characteristic properties were indicating〔C〕what characterize their indicated properties〔D〕that indicate their characteristic properties三、表示客观事实、客观规律和客观真理。在宾语从句中,即使主句的谓语动词用了过去时,只要从句表示的是客观真理,从句的谓语动词也要用一般现在时6) The teacher told them since 〔A〕 light travels faster than 〔B〕 sound, lightning appeared 〔C〕 to go before 〔D〕 thunder.7) As 〔A〕 a child, I was told that 〔B〕 the planet earth, which has 〔C〕 its own satellite, the moon, moved 〔D〕 round the sun.四、祈使句必须用动词原形,其否定结构用“don't+动词原形”,如:Go and fetch some water. / Don't do that.五、在反义疑问句中,如果主句用肯定句,那么,反问句用否定形式;如果主句用否定形式,那么,反问句就用肯定形式。而且前后在时态上要一致。但祈使疑问句用won't you?进行反问。如:See a film tonight, won't you?注:① 祈使句后边可用附加疑问句,以加强语气。如果祈使句用肯定形式,附加疑问句用否定形式;如果祈使句用否定形式,附加句用肯定形式;如: Come here next Sunday, won't you? / Don't tell it to anyone, will you? ② 但如果祈使句的前一句有了表示强烈[ZZ(]肯定[ZZ)]的语言环境,即使祈使句用了肯定形式,其附加成分也可以用“will you”(表示肯定,如果是在口语中用降调)。如:Give me the book, will you?六、例题解析1) C错。“in general”表示“一般”,所以主句用一般现在时,并列从句的谓语也是表示一般性,所以C处也应用一般现在时,故将其改为deal,而不是过去时dealt。2) C错。本句的主从句中的“usually”表示“经常”,用一般现在时;而让步状语从句的谓语也是表示同一情况,所以也应当用一般现在时。故把C处的 varied改为varies。3) D错。本句表述的是一般状况,前面的主句用的是现在时,后面的定语从句也应用现在时,应将required改为 requires。4) C错。这里“it”是形式主语,代表主语从句“that…”,既然主句表示习惯(“an accepted custom”),那么谓语就应当用一般现在时,而不能用过去时。所以将C处的removed改为remove。5) D为正确答案。本句表述的也是自然现象,主句和从句都应用一般现在时,故A和B都不对;C不合语法,以“what”引导的从句不能作定语,只有D正确,这里“that”引导定语从句,修饰前边的名词“names”。6) C错。本句宾语从句所表述的是客观事实,即“…light travels faster than sound,”虽然主句谓语动词用的是过去式“told”,从句也要用一般现在时,所以把C处的appeared改为appears。7) D错。虽然主句的主语用了过去时“was told”,其宾语从句表示的是“地球绕着太阳转”这一客观规律,所以将D处的moved改为moves。注意:不能将C处的has改为had,因为这也是表示客观事实,也得用一般现在时。II一般过去时一、一般过去时主要表示过去某一时刻发生的动作或情况,句中通常有表示过去某一时刻的状语 a day ago, last week, in 1996, during the night, in anceint times等,表示“过多少时间之后”用after, 但在现在完成时中用in, 如in the past few years等1) How many people remember 〔A〕 listening 〔B〕 to Orson Welles' 1938 radio broadcast 〔C〕 , “ The War of the Worlds”, which convince 〔D〕 thousands that space aliens(外星人) had invaded the Earth?2) The instructor had gone over 〔A〕 the problems many times 〔B〕 before 〔C〕 the students will take 〔D〕 the final examination.3) Anthropologists agree 〔A〕 that our primitive ancestors 〔B〕 who inhabit 〔C〕 the tropics probably have natural protection against 〔D〕 the Sun.二、例题解析1) D错,改用过去时 convinced,因此处表述的是过去(1938年)所发生的情况,而现在则不是这样。“which”引导的从句修饰“…1938 radio breadcast”。2) D错。由于主句使用的是过去完成时,表示在 过去 的某一动作发生之前,本句中的“before…”从句引导一个表示过去的时间状语。所以状语从句的谓语应用过去时态,应把将来时“will take”改为一般过去时took,以便和主句的过去完成时呼应。3) C错,改为inhabited,既然是“我们的祖先 居住 的热带地区”,“居住”这一动作发生在过去,所以要用过去时。这里也要提醒大家:做语法题不仅要看特定的提示词如时间状语等,关键还在于读懂句子的意思。如,虽然本句的主语还是同一表示过去的名词主语“primitive ancestors”,其谓语动词就用现在时“have”。“我们的祖先有……”,这里的“有”,是现在我们看来的一种事实,所以用一般现在时。III 一般将来时一、一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况1) But the weather experts 〔A〕 are now paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected 〔B〕 by only a few degrees of warming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that would 〔C〕 possibly take place in the next fifty years from the burning 〔D〕 of fuels.(92年阅读理解题)2) If traffic problems are not solved soon 〔A〕 , driving 〔B〕 in 〔C〕 cities becomes 〔D〕 impossible.二、在表示时间和条件的状语从句中,一般现在时代替一般将来时。这些时间副词有when, as soon as等,表示条件的连词有if,as long as等。3 ) A desert area that has been 〔A〕 without water 〔B〕 for six years will still 〔C〕 bloom when rain will come 〔D〕 .4) Come and see me whenever .(84年考题)〔A〕 you are convenient 〔B〕 you will be convenient〔C〕 it is convenient to you〔D〕 it will be convenient to you5) The task is extremely difficult. If no one able to do it, we will have to find somebody else.〔A〕 were〔B〕 was〔C〕 is〔D〕 would注意:如果这些副词或连词引导的是名词从句作宾语而不是状语从句时,这些名词从句的谓语动词则用该用的时态:I don't know when he will come.而且表示将来的助动词will还可以用以条件从句中,译为“愿意、肯”等。三、一些表示方向及变化的瞬间动词可用进行时或现在时表示将要发生的动作We leave (are leaving) for California the day after tomorrow.我们(计划)后天动身去加利福尼亚州。May I have your attention please. The plane for Wuhan is about to take off.请注意,飞往武汉的飞机就要起飞了。四、另外,“be +to +动词原形”也可表示打算做的事,还可表示责任、意向和可能性You are to follow the doctor’s advice.你应遵从医嘱。No shelter was to be seen.找不到避难处。五、例题解析1) C错,改为will。本题有表示将来的时间状语“in the next fifty years…”,所以谓语用一般将来时。2) D错。由于从句中有表示时间的状语“soon”(不久,不远的将来),主句的谓语也是在这一时间发生,所以要用将来时,那么D改为will become。3) D错。本句主语是A desert area…will still bloom,状语从句是由when引导,表示“雨季到来时”,从句的谓语应用一般现在时表示将来,所以将C处的will come改为comes。4) 正确答案为C。本题除了时态上的问题(即不用一般将来时)之外还涉及到主语和它的表语的逻辑问题。根据上述语法特点,首先排除B和D;题中“convenient”是“方便的”之意。虽然汉语“在你方便的时候”,似乎“方便”的主语是“你”,但在英语中就不是那么回事儿,“convenient”的英文的解释是“(sth) suited to personal ease or comfort or to easy performance of some act or function”(某事或物对某人来说感到舒适或容易作),其主语应是“物”而不是“人”。本题应选C。所以学英语时,不仅要懂英语单词的汉语译文,更重要的是掌握英语单词的内涵与用法。建议身边备一个“英英”字典,如Longman Dictionary of Comtempory English。5) C为正确答案。理由同上。
大铭空调
[解题过程](一)一般过去时一般过去时表示在特定过去时间中一次完成的动作或一度存在的状态,也可表示过去的习惯动作。这个时态的特点是所表示的过去时间与现在时间不发生关系。也就是说,一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。句中的时间状语通常为last month(week, year...), yesterday, before...,in those day(years, months...),(a year, two weeks...)ago, once等。注意一般现在时与现在完成时的区别,比较:His father was an English teacher all his life.他父亲当了一辈子老师。(其父已死)His father has been an English teacher all his life.(其父仍活着)注意:1.在下列句型中习惯上用一般过去时。①It’s (about, high) time + that-从句(that可以省略)It’s time you had a holiday.(=It’s time to have a holiday. /It’s time for holiday)是该你度假的时候了。②I wish +that-从句(that可以省略)I wish you lived closer to us.要是你能住得离我们近些多好啊!③I’d rather +that-从句(that可以省略)I’d rather you told me the truth.我倒宁愿你告诉我真相。④表示主观设想的if条件句If you went at about five o’clock tomorrow, you could see him before he left the office.如果你明天五点前去,你会在他离开办公室之前见到他。If I had the money now I’d buy a car.要是我现在有钱就买辆车。2.It’s+时间段+since-从句,since-从句习惯用一般过去时。It is three years since he went to New York.他去纽约已经三年了。(句型中is可换为has been,但不如is常用。)3.want, wonder, think, hope, plan等的过去时表示“本希望、本打算”之意。I hoped you would come earlier!我本希望你能早点来!4.used to/would + 动词原形表示过去经常发生的动作。She used to work in a hospital years ago.几年前她在医院工作。(现在已经不在那儿工作了)Sometimes the boys would play a joke on the master.有时男生会开老师的玩笑。(二)过去进行时 过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内一直进行或反复的动作。这个时态的特点是强调在过去某一时刻(或时间段内)某动作的正在进行或反复。注意过去进行时与一般过去时的区别。比较:He was reading a novel that evening.那天晚上他正在读一本小说。(是否读完不得而知,只说当时正在读)He read a novel that evening.那天晚上他读了一本小说。(已经读完)过去进行时可与表示过去时间点的时间状语连用,如at five o’-clock, that day, at that time/moment等。与always连用时则有感情色彩。—What were you doing yesterday at seven p.m.? 昨天下午七点你在干什么?—I was watching TV with my family.我正在和我的家人一起看电视。He was always translating English into Chinese.他过去老是把英语译成汉语。注意:1.leave,come,go等方向性动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时间。They were leaving a few days later.几天后他们将要离开。2.wonder,hope,think,want,plan等的过去进行时的语气比一般过去时的语气更委婉,可表示客气的请求或建议。I was hoping you could send me some books.我正盼着您送给我几本书呢。3.故事中描述动作发生的背景时通常用过去进行时。She was making some fresh coffee when we arrived.她正在煮咖啡,这时我们到了。(三)过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去时间里已经完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。这种时态强调过去某一动作的完成,通常和另一稍后发生的过去动作(或某一过去时间)相比。因此,确定两个过去动作的先后或确定某一动作在过去时间前发生是使用过去完成时的关键。I had written the article when they came.他们来时我已经写完了文章。(“写”在“来”之前已经完成,“来”是过去时,则“写”是“过去的过去”)By twelve o’clock we had had lunch.十二点前我们就吃完了午饭。注意:1. It was+时间段+since-从句中的since-从句习惯用过去完成时。 It was three years since he had died.他去世已经三年了。2.现在完成时的直接引语在变为是过去时的动词的间接引语时,现在完成时要变为过去完成时。She has made much progress since she came here(She said)→She said she had made much progress since she came here.3.表示与过去事实相反的虚拟情况。If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.要是你昨天来的话,你就能遇见他。4.hope, expect, think, intend, mean(=intend), want, suppose, imagine等的过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或打算。I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.昨天晚上本想来看你的,但有人来找,脱不开身。(四)一般现在时一般现在时表示现阶段存在的动作或状态,也可表示现在的习惯动作。这种时态的特点是动作的时间界限不确定。虽然说的是现在时间,但也可能与过去时间或将来时间有联系。一般现在时常与often, always, sometimes, seldom, every day, twice a week等时间状语连用。与现在进行时相比,现在进行时则强调目前时刻动作的正在进行。与一般过去时相比,一般过去时与现在时间无联系。与一般将来时相比,一般将来时强调将要发生的动作,与现在时间无关。比较:He is reading a book now.他现在正在读书。He read a book.他读完了一本书。He will read a book tomorrow.他打算明天读本书。注意:1.表示客观真理、科学事实、格言等时用一般现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.老师告诉我们地球围着太阳转。2.下列情况中习惯用一般现在时表示一般将来时间。①在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中。Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes? 收获季节到来时你能来帮我们收割庄稼吗?If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.如果明天天气好,我们将去农村。②make sure/certain + that-从句中的that可以省略I’ll make sure/certain that you don’t get lost.我必须确保你不会迷路。③在I hope/bet等+that-从句中的that可以省略I hope you have a good time.祝你玩得愉快。(五)现在进行时现在进行时表示目前正在进行的或现阶段一直进行的动作,常与now, at this moment, these few days等时间状语连用。现在进行时强调目前动作的正在进行,表示一种暂时性的状态。而一般现在时则表示经常性、习惯性等无时间界限的动作,是一种长久的状态。比较:—What are you doing? 你正在干什么?—I’m writing a letter.我正在写信。He often writes to his mother.他经常给他的妈妈写信。注意:1.leave, go, come, arrive等表示位置移动的动词的现在进行时表示近期就要发生的动作。I’m leaving for New York in a few days.几天后我就要去纽约了。2.hope, wonder等的现在进行时表示委婉的语气。I’m hoping you’ll give us some advice.我正盼着你给我们提些建议呢。3.与always, constantly, for ever等频度副词连用时表示某种带有感情色彩的现阶段经常发生的动作。She’s always borrowing money and forgetting to pay me back.这一段时间她经常借钱,却又忘了还给我。(埋怨)4.表示状态或感觉的动词通常不可用于进行时态。常见的这类动词有be, love, like, hate, want, hope, need, prefer, wish, know, understand, remember, believe, recognize, guess, suppose, mean, belong, feel, remain, seem, look(看起来), own, have(有), sound(听起来)等。 (六)现在完成时现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在或对现在造成的影响或结果。这种时态的特点是动作发生在过去,但强调其目前的作用。现在完成时可与just, before, now, today, this morning, until(till, up to) now, so far, in the past(last) few years, all day, since 1990, for a long time, recently, lately, always, often, sometimes, ever, never, once, three times, how long等时间状语连用。但不可与yesterday, last week, when等连用。与一般过去时相比,一般过去时只与过去时间有关,而现在完成时特别强调发生在过去的动作对现在的影响或结果。比较:He’s lived here since 1960.从1960年以来他一直住在这儿。(“居住”这个动作从1960年一直持续在目前,可能刚刚结束,也可能继续持续下去)He lived here.过去他住在这儿。(现在情况不详)He lives here.他住在这儿。(长久动作,不问何时开始,不管何时结束)注意:1.It is the first(second...) time +that-从句,that-从句习惯用现在完成时。It is the second time that I have been here.这是我第二次到这儿来。2.主句+since从句(从句谓语动词是过去时)中的主句通常用现在完成时。I haven’t heard from him since he left for Shanghai.自从他去了上海我就一直没收到他的来信。3.非延续性动词的完成时不可与时间段状语连用。他去世已经三年了。(误)He has died for three years.(正)He has been dead for three years.(正)Three years has passed since he died.(正)He died three years ago.4.现在完成时不可与表示确切时间的过去时间状语连用,也不可与when连用,但可与how long连用。5.have gone to意为“去了某地(现在已经不在说话的地方)”,have been to意为“去过某地(现在已经不在该地)”。He has gone to Beijing.他去了北京(现在不在这儿)。He has been to Beijing three times.他去过北京三次(现在不在北京)。(七)现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示发生在过去的动作到目前已经部分完成,并将继续进行下去。这种时态的特点是强调已部分完成的动作仍将继续进行下去。现在完成进行时通常和时间段状语连用,如for two days, since early morning, these few days等。与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时明确表示已部分完成的动作仍将继续进行。比较:I have been writing letters for an hour.整整一个小时我一直在写信。(仍将继续写下去)I have written letters for an hour.我已经写了一个小时的信了。(已经结束或仍有可能继续下去)注意:现在完成进行时也可表示到说话时刚刚结束的动作或到说话时刻前一直重复的动作。这种用法通常含有“动作持续时间之长,工作如此辛苦”等感情色彩。I have been waiting for you two hours.我已经等了你两个小时了。(你怎么才来?让我等了这么久)I have been telephoning to you several times in two days.这两天我一直在给你打电话。(你怎么不接呢?)I have been painting my house for a whole day.一整天我一直在粉刷我的房子。(工作实在辛苦)过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。如:I didn’t know if the Greens would come. 我不知道格林一家是否会来。构成1.由“助动词would+动词原形”构成,主语是第一人称时,可用should代替would。如:He would leave here after he finished his work. 干完活后他将离开这里。2.由“was /were going to +动词原形”构成,用来谈论已经安排好、在过去某个时间看来将要发生的动作。如: He said he was going to speak at the meeting. 他说他将在会上发言。3.某些有“趋向性”含义的动词如go,come,leave等,可用过去进行时来表示过去将来时。如:He didn’t say when Ann was coming back to America. 他没有说安什么时候回美国。特点1.过去将来时常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中。如:Many years ago people never knew that population would become a big problem. 很多年前,人们不知道人口问题将是个大问题。2.过去将来时可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。这时前面通常有一个时间状语,说明在一般情况下往往如此,通常用“would+动词原形”。如:Last year on Sundays Mr. Green would come here to learn Chinese. 去年每逢星期天格林先生总是到这儿来学习汉语。3.过去将来时可用来表示“愿望”或“倾向”,这时多用于否定句中,以表示过去的情况,可译为“不肯”、“不可能”等。如:It was raining hard� but none of them would stop working. 雨下得很大,但是他们谁也不肯停止干活。4.在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,主句是过去将来时,从句用过去时代替过去将来时。如:We would stay at home if it rained. 如果下雨的话,我们将呆在家里。将来完成:形式will/shall+完成式用于第一人称,will+完成式用于其他人称。用法它常与表示时间的短语连用,而后者常以by开头:by then到那时by that time到那时by the 24th到 24号那天By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years.到下月底,他在这儿就够十年了。这一时态用来表示在将来的一个特定时刻将成为过去的动作或在该时刻刚刚结束的动作。假设现在是12月3日,大卫对他将参加的12月13日的考试很担心。某个筹划举办聚会的人可能说:We’d better wait till 14 December.David will have had his exam by then, so he’ll be able to enjoy himself.我们最好还是等到12月14日。到那时大卫就考完试了,这样他就能够玩得痛快。同时请注意以下句子:I save£ 50 a month and I started in January.So by the end of the year I will/shall have saved£ 600.我每月储蓄50英镑,是从1月份开始的。这样的话,到年底我就有600英镑的存款了。Bill(looking at Tom’s cellar):You’ve got over 400 bottles.How long will that last you?Two years?比尔(瞧着汤姆的地下室):你有四百多瓶酒。够你喝多久?两年?Tom:Not a hope.I drink eight bottles a week.I’ll have drunk all these by the end of this year.汤姆:不可能。我每星期喝八瓶。到今年年底我就会把所有这些酒都喝完了。B 将来完成进行时形式will/shall have been+现在分词用于第一人称,而 will have been+现在分词用于其他人称。用法正如将来完成时一样,它通常与一个以by开头的时间短语连用:By the end of this year he’ll have been acting for thirty years.到今年年底他当演员就满30年了。将来完成进行时与将来完成时的关系和现在完成进行时与现在完成时的关系一样。即在以下情况下可以用将来完成进行时而不用将来完成时:1 动作本身就是连续的:By the end of the month he will have been living/working/studying here for ten years.到了月底他在这里居住/工作/学习就满十年了。2 一种经常进行的动作被表示为连续的动作:By the end of this month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.到了这个月底他驯马/登山就满 20年了。但是如果提到所驯马匹或所攀登的山峰的数目,或用任何方式把动作分割为一次又一次的动作,就必须用将来完成时:By the end of the month he will have trained 600 horses/climbed 50 mountains.到本月底,他驯服的马就有600匹/攀登的山峰就有50座了。
舞言李萍
英语八大时态英语动词的时态 1. 一般现在时 一般现在时的形式 是以动词的原形表示的,当主语为第三人称单数时,做谓语的动词原形后要加上词尾-s or -es, 其构成方式列表如下: 情况 构成 例词 一般情况 词尾加-s Reads, writes 以ch,sh,s,x,o结尾的词 词尾加-es Teaches,washes,guesses, fixes, goes 以辅音字母+Y 结尾的词 变Y为I,再加-es Tries, carries 但是,动词to be 和to have 的一般现在时的形式特殊如下: 一般动词的词形变化 To be 的词形变化 To have 的词形变化 I know it I am a student I have a pen. You know it. You are a student You have a pen He (she) knows it. He (she) is a student. He (she)has a pen. We (you,they) know it. We (you,they) are students. We (you,they) have pens. 一般现在时的功用 1. 表示一直发生的事情,经常发生的动作: Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Excuse me, do you speak English? I get up at 8 o’clock every morning. It often rains in summer in Beijing. 2. 表示客观事实或者真理: Birds fly. The earth goes around the sun. 3. 谈论时间表、旅程表等,如: What time does the film begin? The football match starts at 8 o’clock. Tomorrow is Thursday. 4. 谈论籍贯、国籍等,如: Where do you come from? I come from China. 你是哪国人?我是中国人. Where do you come from? I come from Guangzhou. 你是哪里人?我是广州人. 5. 询问或者引用书籍、通知或新近接到的信笺内容,如: What does that notice say? What does Ann say in her letter? She says she’s coming to Beijing next week. Shakespears says, “Neither a borrower or a lender be.” 莎士比亚说:“既不要向人借钱,也不要借钱给别人.” 一般过去时 一般过去时是表示在说话时间以前发生的动作或者状态的动词时态,它是英语时态体系中最重要的时态之一. 1) 一般过去时规则动词的构成形式: 规则动词在其原形后面加-ed: to work-worked 以字母e结尾的规则动词,只加-d: to love---loved 对所有人称均无词形变化. 否定式均由did not + 动词原形构成 I / you / he / she / they / we did not work. 疑问式均由 did + 主语 + 动词原形 构成 拼写注意: 情况 变化 例词 动词为单音节,以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加-ed Stop-stoppedAdmit-admitted 以y结尾的动词,在y 前为辅音字母时 Y 变为 I ,加 - ed Carry -carriedHurry -hurried 以y 结尾的动词,在y 前为元音字母时 加-ed Obey-obeyedEnjoy---enjoyed 在英语当中有一部分动词的过去式变化形式是不规则的,这类动词被称为不规则动词.总数大概不过200多个,但是使用频率很高.主要分成三类: 1》 第一类不规则动词的三种形式同形,如: cost cost cost cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt shut shut shut set set set 注意,有些动词的过去式与过去分词有两中形式,如: bet bet / betted bet / betted wed wed / wedded wed / wedded wet wet / wetted wet / wetted 2》 第二类不规则动词的过去式和过去分词同形,如: bend bent bent bring brought brought catch caught caught hide hid hid / hidden get got got/ gotten(AmE) lead led led 3》 第三类不规则动词的原形、过去式和过去分词都不相同,如: 原形 过去式 过去分词 begin began begun break broke broken forbid forbade forbidden grow grew grown ring rang rung wake woke / waked woken / waked 此外还有少数不规则动词的过去分词与原形相同,如: come came come become became become run ran run 一般过去时的功用 1) 表示一个没指明具体时间的过去的行动,如: He worked in that bank for four years. (没说明起始时间,但是现在不在那里工作了). They once saw Deng Xiaopin. Did you ever hear BackStreet Boy sing? 2) 表示在过去特定的时间结束的行动,如: When did you meet him? I met him yesterday. When we lived in Phoenix, we studied at Arizona State University. Where have you been? I’ve been to the opera. Did you enjoy it? 3) 表示过去的习惯 He always carried an umbrella. They never drank wine. 现在完成时 现在完成时由to have 的现在时+过去分词构成: 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 否定疑问式 I have worked I have not worked Have I worked? Have I not worked? You have worked You havenot worked Have you worked? Have you not worked? He (she)has worked. He(she)has not worked. Has he(she) worked? Has he(she) not worked? We(you / they) have worked. We (you / they) have not worked. Have we (you / they) worked? Have we (you / they) not worked? 紧缩形式 现在完成时的功用 现在完成时可以说成是兼有现在与过去意义的一种复合时态.它与现在有密切联系,如: ------Oh,dear, I’ve forgotten her name. 和现在的联系就是 I don’t remember her name now. ------Fort has gone to Canada. 和现在的联系就是 He is not here. He is in Canada now. 1) 表示延续到现在的动作 (有时是总计做了多少次等). How many times have you been to the United States? She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times. Tom has lived in Now York all his life. 2) 表示开始与过去而在说话时刻结束的行动,如: I haven’t seen you for ages. 我好久没见到你了.(说话时刻已经见到了) This room hasn’t been cleaned for months. (也许从说话开始时刻就要打扫它了) 3) 表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响,如: The window has broken. 4) 和最高级连用,表示到现在为止是最……的 What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen. Is it a thick book?------Yes, it is the thickest book I’ve ever read. 5) 和句型 This is the first time…, It’s the first time 连用,如: This is the first time he has driven a car. (相当于 he has never driven a car before.) Is this the first time you’ve been in hospital? Professor Johnson has lost his passport again. It’s the second time he has lost it. 6) 和ever, never, yet, just, already 等副词连用,如: Have you ever eaten French cheese? We have never had a private car. Has it stopped raining yet? (yet 表示期待雨停止) Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. I’ve just had lunch. Don’t forget to mail the letter, will you? I’ve already mailed it. (already 表示比预料的要快) 7)与since 连用,since 表示与某一时刻或从句连用,表示“从那一刻到说话时为止”,它总是与完成时连用,如: She has been here since 6 o’clock. He hasn’t been himself since the accident. (那次事故后,他从未完全康复) Since I was a child I have lived in England. 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 1) 过去时仅仅表示过去,现在完成时还表示与现在的关系,如: He has lost his key. He lost his key. 2) 与现在无关的或者过去很久的历史事件不能用现在完成时 The Chinese invented printing. Shakespear wrote Hamlet. 3)如果说明动作有特定的过去时间,就不能用现在完成时,如: Did you see the film on television last night? Tom lost his key yesterday. 询问某事发生的具体时间或者地点时(when , what time, where), when , what time, where), 用一般过去时,如: What time did they arrive? When and where were you born? 比较: Have you see Ann this moring? ( 说话时仍为上午) Did you see Ann this morning? ( 说话时为下午) Jack has lived in London for six years. 还在伦敦住 Jack lived in London for six years. 先不住伦敦了 I have never played golf in my life. I didn’t play golf when I was on holiday last summer. 现在进行时 现在进行时是由助动词to be 的现在时 + 现在分词构成: 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 I am working.You are working.He (she) is working.We (you,they) are working. I am not working.You are not working.He (she) is not working.We (you,they) are not working. Am I working?Are you working?Is he (she) working?Are we (you,they) working? 现在分词的构成,是在动词原形上加-ing, 但是应该注意: 情况 变化 例词 动词以单个e 结尾 去掉e, 加 ing Love _lovingArgue _ arguing 动词以 -ee结尾 直接加 ing Agree_ agreeingSee _ seeing 动词为单音节:以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Hit _ hittingRun _runningStop _ stopping 动词为双音节或者多音节:最后一个音节为重读音节,以单一元音字母 + 单一辅音字母结尾 辅音字母双写,再加 ing Be’gin be’ginningAd’mit ad’mitting 以 y 结尾的动词 直接加 ing Carry carryingEnjoy enjoying 现在进行时的功用 1) 表示说话时正在发生或者进行的动作 Please don’t make so much noise, I’m studying. Let’s get out. It isn’t raining any more. 2) 表示在现在相对较长一段时间内正在进行的动作,但是说话一刻不一定在做的动作 Have you heard about Tom? He is building his own house. David is teaching English and learning Chinese in Beijing. 这些动作,在说话时并不一定在发生或进行,而是在包括说话的一刹那在内的一段时间内发生、进行的. 3)表示最近的确定的安排 Ann is coming tomorrow. Oh, is she? What time is she arriving? At 10:15. Are you meeting her at the station? I can’t. I’m working tomorrow morning. 以上句子也可以用be going to (do) 的形式来表示.但是谈论已确定的安排时候,用现在进行时态显得更加自然,除非受到动词的功能的限制.在此,切不可用will, 如: Alex is getting married next month. 不能用 will get married. 4) 和always 连用表示某种情绪,可能是厌烦也可能是赞扬,如: Tom is always going away for weekends. My husband is always doing homework. 有些动词是表示一种状态而不是动作,一般不用于进行时.例如,我们一般不说 I am knowing, 而说 I know. 常见的这类动词有: want like hate know see hear believe understand seem think(相信) suppose remember need love realize mean forget prefer have (拥有)belong To understand is to accept. 理解就是接受 Do you like Beijing? Do you see the rainbow? I remember him very well. I think I understand what he wants. 一般现在时和现在进行时的比较 一般现在时表示的是一般、重复的动作或者事情 现在进行时表示说话时或说话前后正在发生的动作或事情,如: Tom plays tennis every Sunday. Where’s Tom? -------He is playing tennis. What do you do? 你是干什么工作的? What are you doing here? 你在这里干什么? 一般现在时是表示经久的情况,而现在进行时表示的是暂时的,如: My parents live in Shanghai. They have been there for 50 years. She’s living with some friends until she can find an apartment. 过去进行时 过去进行时的构成形式为: I / he /she was We / they / you were + 动词的现在分词 过去进行时的功用 1) 表示在过去某个时间后者某段时间正在进行的动作,如: When I rang him up, he was having dinner. This time last year I was living in Shanghai. What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night? 2) 过去进行时和一般过去时连用,表示在一个动作发生的过程中,发生了另一个动作,如: It was raining when I got up. I fell asleep when I was watching television. 3) 过去一般时所说明的动作是已经完成的,而过去进行时不表示正在进行的动作一定会完成,如: Tom was cooking the dinner. Tom cooked the dinner. 现在完成进行时 其构成形式如下: I / we / they have He / she / it has been + 动词的现在分词 功用如下: 1) 表示一个在过去开始而在最近刚刚结束的行动,如: Ann is very tired. She has been working hard. Why are you clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? 2) 表示一个从过去开始但仍在进行的行动,如: It has been raining for two hours. (现在还在下) Jack hasn’t been feeling very well recently. 3) 表示一个从过去开始延续到现在,可以包括现在在内的一个阶段内,重复发生的行动,如: She has been playing tennis since she was eight. 4) 现在完成时强调动作行为的结果、影响,而现在完成进行时只强调动作行为本身,如: Tom’s hands are very dirty. He has been repairing the car. The car is going again now. Tom has repaired it. 过去将来时 构成 一般过去将来时是由"should/would + 动词原形"构成的. He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris. 昨天他问我什么时候动身去巴黎. They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier. 他们想知道怎样才能早一点儿完成家庭作业. 用法 一般过去将来时的出发点是过去,即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态. ①一般过去将来时常用于间接引语中 He said they would arrange a party. 他说他们将安排一个晚会. I asked if he would come and fix my TV set. 我问他是否来帮我修电视机. ②一般过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态 If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University. 如果我有机会出国学习的话,我就会去剑桥大学. I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight. 今晚他能和我一起去看电影就好了. 过去将来时间其他表达法 ①was/were going to + 动词原形 He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired. 他说他退休后要住在农村. They thought it was going to rain. 他们认为天要下雨了. ②was/were + 动词-ing形式 Nobody knew whether the guests were coming. 没人知道客人们是否要来. I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes. 我被告知火车几分钟后就要开了. ③was/were + 动词不定式 She said she was to clean the classroom after school. 她说她放学后要打扫教室. It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River. 据报道长江上将要再建一座大桥. 注意: "was/were going to + 动词原形"或"was/were +动词不定式完成式"可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作. Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的,但却下雨了.(没有去成) I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before. 我是打算帮忙演出的,但前天我感冒了.(没有帮上忙) ④was/were about to do "was/were about to do"表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作. I felt something terrible was about to happen. 我觉得有可怕的事要发生了. ⑤was/were on the point of doing I'm glad you have come. I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now. 很高兴你来了.我正准备给你打电话,现在你省去我这个麻烦了. 提示: "be about to do" 和 "be on the point of doing"结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用,但后面可以接when引导的分句. I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain. 我正要动身天突然下雨了. 一般将来时 A. will, shall表示一般将来时 一般将来时由“will / shall + 动词原形”构成.一般来说,shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、三人称.但在现代英语中,shall常被will 所代替,可以说I will go和 We will go. 一般将来时的用法 1. 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语连用.如next week, tomorrow, this evening, in a month, after class, very soon等.如: I will go swimming this afternoon. 今天下午我要去游泳. 2. 表示将来经常发生的动作.如: From now on, I will come for the newspaper every Monday. 从现在起我将每星期一来取报纸. B. be going to表示一般将来时 “be going to + 动词原形”表示计划、打算做某事. 句式 句型 例句 肯定句 主语 + am / is / are going to + 动词原形 +其他 I’m going to play football this afternoon. 今天下午我打算踢足球. 否定句 主语 + am / is / are + not + going to + 动词原形 + 其他 The boys aren’t going to stay at home and watch TV tomorrow. 那些男孩子们明天不准备呆在家里看电视. 一般疑问句 Am / Is / Are + 主语 + going to + 动词原形 +其他? Are they going to swim this afternoon? 他们今天下午要去游泳吗?
S素年錦時
这个问题,不同的人会有不同的答案。
有人会说8个时态,有人会说10个时态,还有人会说12个时态,还有人会说16个时态......这就是我们这么多年英语教学的成果,学了十几年的英语,连英语有多少个时态都没有统一。
那么英语到底有多少个时态呢?
我们在之前的文章中讲解了“时态”的起源,介绍了动词的4种基本状态(一般态、不定态、进行态、完成态),结合4种时间(过去时间、过去将来时间、现在时态、将来时间),生成了英语的16种基本时态。
图1
4态结合4时
图2
图2的十六种核心时态转化为表格形式如下:
图3
图3所示的就是英语最核心的十六个时态。
我们在之前介绍“时态”一文中讲过英语“态”的概念还可以进一步拓展,叠加,从而衍生出新的时态,如下图所示:
图4
图4为在图1的基础上,以“完成态和进行态”进行结合,从而衍生出新的结合态“完成进行态”(红色线条)。
5态结合4时,从而在16个核心时态的基础上拓展到20个时态,如下表所示:
图5
到么到此为止,是否英语就这20个时态了呢?
我们在图1的基础上,以“完成态和不定态”进行结合,从而衍生出新的结合态“完成不定态”,结合4时,从而又新增出4个“完成不定时态”如下表所示:
图6
看到这里,英语的时态体系基本完整了。 图6表格中上面4行为英语的16种核心时态(基本时态),下面2行为“态与态”的叠加而衍生出的新的时态。
每种时态都表现了一种思维的体现,如一般态的常态、瞬态思维;不定态、进行态、完成态的非常态思维等等。
以上的时态形式还可以结合被动语态,从而拓展出新的谓语动词时态形式,但是本质上还是一致的,只不过是谓语动词中的主动词由“主动”到“被动”的形式转换。
好了,讲到此处,你现在应该知道英语大概有多少种时态了吧!
每一个时态覆盖了一种“时空”区间表达,所有的时态系统的组合在一起从而完整的覆盖整个宇宙时空的表达。所以如果你的时态凌乱,缺失、或者不够系统,那么你的“时空”表达链条是断裂的,是有瑕疵的,是不完美的,而这最直接的结果就是导致不能够精准、细腻表达和理解。 这就是为什么我们要在宏观上建立起完整的时态系统,微观上要细腻、透彻的理解时态背后原理的原因。
本文作者谢瑞,著有《英语思维:解密英语语法的原理》一书和《英语思维:十课建立完美语法体系》系列视频课程,欢迎转载,转载请注明出处。
水中央1985
时态(Tense)是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。以下是我整理的英语语法16种时态讲解,希望对大家 英语学习 有所帮助。英语语法时态讲解:一般现在时 英语时态分为16种:一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时,以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。 用法:A) 表示现在发生的动作、情况、状态和特征。 B) 习惯用语。 C) 经常性、习惯性动作。 例:He always helps others. (他总是帮助别人。) D) 客观事实和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般现在时,则无法保持 主句、从句时态一致。 E) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,(仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 )可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是:飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。 例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon. (下一趟火车今天下午3点开车。) How often does this shuttle bus run? (这班车多久一趟?) F) 在时间和条件状语从句里经常用一般现在(有时也用现在完成时)表示将来事 情。 例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成这份 报告 的时候,我就已经等了将近3个小时了。) 英语语法时态讲解:现在进行时(be doing) 用法:现在正在进行的动作。 英语语法时态讲解:现在完成时(have done) 用法:A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have twohouses. A) didn't sell B) sold C) haven't sold D) would sell 答案是C) haven't sold。 B) 表示从过去某时刻开始,持续到现在的动作或情况,并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点,或for加一段时间,或by加一个现在时间。 例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified bythe work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge C) have been challenged B) may be challenged D) are challenging 全句的意思是:“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物,但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战,并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词,在本句中应当是被动语态;其动作延续到今天,所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。A) are to challenge和D) arechallenging都是主动语态,不可能是答案。B) may be challenged虽然是被动语态,但意思与全句内容不合,所以不对。 C) 表示发生在过去,但对现在仍有影响的动作或情况。通常用点动词,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。 例:John has broken his left leg.(约翰摔断了左腿。) 注意事项:A) 现在完成时是联系过去和现在的纽带。现在完成时和过去时的区别在于:现在完成时强调动作的动态,或受动态的影响,是动态的结果,对现在有影响;过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作,与现在没有联系。 例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实,他现在已经不在那家医院了。) He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作,一直工作到现在,现在仍在那家医院工作。) B) 因为含有for加一段时间或since加一个时间点这样的时间状语的完成时,有动态和延续性的特点,所以不能使用终端动词或瞬间动词。 例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(过去分词做表语表示状态,可以延续) My sister has married. Don't disturb her.(终端动词) C) 在"this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……"句型里要求用完成时。 例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in theInternational Exhibition.(这是我公司产品第二次参加国际展览会。) D) 句型"It is/ has been……since"所使用的两种时态都正确。 例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。) E) 在"no sooner than"、"hardly/ scarcely ……when"、"before"、"prior to"等句型中,主句要求完成时。 例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我从未见过那位教授。) 英语语法时态讲解:现在完成进行时(have been doing) 用法:表示某一动作开始于过去某一时间,延续或重复地出现至今,或将继续延续至将来。 例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前为止,我们一直在处理那个项目,已经花了一个多月时间了。) 注意事项:与现在完成时相比,现在完成进行时更强调:在从过去到现在的时间里,动作或状态一直持续或一直反复出现。 例:It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apartto put it right. A) had leakedB) is leaking C) leaked D) has been leaking 从本题上下文看,这两个 句子 的意思是:“看来,这个管道漏油已有一段时间了,我们将不得不拆卸机器排除故障。”第二句表示将要采取的 措施 。第一句动作发生在第二句之前,并且延续到现在为止仍在继续。因此,空格中需用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。D) has been leaking是现在完成进行时,因此是本题的答案。有11%的考生误选了B) is leaking。由于本句有时间状语for sometime,表示谓语动作延续,谓语不能用现在进行时,必须用和完成时有关的时态。有些考生误选了C) leaked或A) had leaked。是因为他们没有注意到本题第二句是一般将来时,所以第一句的谓语不能用过去时或过去完成时。 英语语法时态讲解:一般过去时 用法:A) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况。 B) 表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型,本身表示的 就是过去时。 例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doinganything or talking to anybody.(老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上,看着其他的人,一坐就是数个小时,什么也不干,也不和任何人交谈。) He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。) C) 有时可代替一般现在时,表达一种婉转、客气、礼貌、商量的语气。 例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借车用一用,可以吗?) Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在这里吗?) 注意事项:A) 注意时间状语的搭配。一般过去时的时间状语应该是表示过去某个时间的词或词组,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等连用,因为这样的时间状语都与现在有关系,应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。 B) used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别:你怎么写都正确。以否定形式为例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。 Used to do经常与 be used to doing sth/ sth结构进行对比。前者表示"过去常常或 过去曾经",要求加动词原形;后者表示"习惯于",要求加名词或动名词。 英语语法时态讲解:过去完成时(had done) 用法:表示在过去的某个时间或动作以前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。就是我们常说的:表示"过去的过去的动作或状态"。 Until then, his family _________ from him for six months. A) didn't hear C) hasn't heard B) hasn't been hearing D) hadn't heard 全句的意思是:“到那时为止,他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成,因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。 其它 选项中:A) didn't hear,因为一般过去时只表示过去发生的事情或存在的状态,所以不能与时间状语for sixmonths连用。B) hasn't been hearing,现在完成进行时表示过去某时刻继续到现在或现在还在进行的动作,与题意不符。C) hasn't heard,现在完成时表示从过去某一时刻到现在为止发生的动作。而题中的then只表示过去的某一时刻,不能表示现在时间。 注意事项:“过去的过去”这种逻辑关系常通过上下文体现出来,而不一定受某个时间状语的限制。 例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end onthe floor when we opened the front door.(刚才有人在我们的房间里,因为我们打开前门进来时,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃烧的香烟。) 分析:虽然时间状语是just now,似乎应该使用一般过去时,但是“在房间里”这个状态是在"开门"和"注意"这两个过去的动作之前就存在的,所以应该用过去完成时。 英语语法时态讲解:过去将来时(would/ should do) 用法:表示从过去的某个时间看将要发生的事。 例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四说我将于第二天 拜访 我的朋友。) 注意事项:由于过去将来时是由过去时和将来时组合而成的,所以其注意事项可以参考过去时和将来时的相关注意事项。 英语语法时态讲解:过去进行时(was/ were doing) 用法:A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。 例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分钟前,玛丽正在听轻音乐。) B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时,则另一个句子常用过去进行时。 例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前门时我正在洗头发。)。 注意事项:其它与将来时有关的事项请参见下面所讲的一般将来时 英语语法时态讲解:一般将来时 用法:A) 基本结构是will / shall do。 例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我们将送给她一个玻璃的手工制品,作为给她的生日礼物。) B) 有些动词,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般进行时,并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用,可以表示将来时。 例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我妈妈下周将来看我,并会呆到5月。) C) 表示“打算去……,要……”时,可用be going to do。 例:This is just what I am going to say.(这正是我想说的。) D) 表示“即将、正要”时,可用be about to do。强调近期内或马上要做的事。 例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(别担心,我马上就给你做一次仔细的检查。) E) "be to do"的5种用法: a) 表示“按计划、安排即将发生某事或打算做某事”。 例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你准会在实验室见到她。) b) 该做或不该做的事情(语气上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一种命令、规劝性语气。 例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids. Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子们,你们必须 上床睡觉,不准吵闹。我们的客人5分钟之内就要到了。) c) 能或不能发生的事情(接近can, may) 例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能还得起这么大的一笔债呢?) d) 不可避免将要发生的事情,后来将要发生的事情。 例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible. Have a little patience. A. will be attended B. will be attended to C. is attended D. is attended to will be attended to关键的一点是:attend表示“处理,解决”时是不及物动词,必须与to连用。另外,从上下文看,事情显然尚未解决,所以应该用将来时的被动语态。答案是B。 e) 用于条件从句“如果……想,设想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should) 例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided. A) is to be B) can be C) will be D) has been 答案是A) is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必须作出更大努力来增加农业产量。” F) 同样可以表示“正要、将要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。 例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教练想要放弃这场比赛了,因为对方已经射进了7个球。) 例:I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived. A) in B) to C) at D) on 答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定词组,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“当他的信到的时候我正要打电话给他。” 注意事项: 在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等连词以及具有连词作用的副词(immediately, the moment, directly)等引导的状语从句,一般用现在时代替将来时。强调延续性或动态时,可用完成时。 例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回来的时候,他的身体已经好多了。) 英语语法时态讲解:将来进行时(will be doing) 用法:强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例:Don't worry, you won't miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at thattime.(别担心,你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。) 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和进行时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可参考"一般将来时"和"现在进行时"的有关注意事项。 英语语法时态讲解: 将来完成时(will have done) 用法:表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态,或是发生在某个将来时间,但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。其用法从和过去及现在有关,变成了和将来及将来的将来有关。 例: The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends. A) must have lastedB) will have lasted C) would last D) has lasted 本题考核谓语动词的时态。全句的意思是:“会议从开始到结束将持续整整一个星期。”句中by thetime it ends表示动作要延续到将来某一时刻,因此要用将来完成时。答案是B) will have lasted。如果选A),因为情态动词must后面接动词不定式的完成时形式表示对已经发生的事情的一种肯定推测,而本句的时间状语是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了时态不呼应的错误。Would虽可以表示推测或可能性,但would last不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以C) would last错误。因为D) has lasted是现在完成时,表示到现在为止已经完成的动作,不能表示延续到将来某一时刻的动作,所以也不正确。 注意事项:由于本时态是由将来时和完成时融合在一起的,所以关于本时态的注意事项,可以参考“一般将来时”和“现在完成时”的有关注意事项。 英语语法时态讲解: 将来完成进行时 shall have been doing ,will have been doing 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. (到下个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。)(被动语态) 英语语法时态讲解: 过去完成进行时 had been doing 例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。)(此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。)(被动语态) 英语语法时态讲解: 过去将来进行时 should be doing , would be doing 例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承诺说第二年7月将有一条新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的时间状语是具体的将来时间,所以最好用将来进行时。)(此句为被动语态) 英语语法时态讲解: 过去将来完成时 should have done , would have done 例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have beendeveloped, but I was wrong.(我坚信到那年年底为止,那个软件的新版本将被开发出来。但是我错了。)(此句为被动语态) 英语语法时态讲解:过去将来完成进行时 should have been doing , would have been doing 例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being workedfor 3 years. (他们说到第二个月底为止,这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。) 猜你喜欢: 1. 英语几种时态的知识点 2. 六级英语语法 3. 英语语法讲座英语语法详解 4. 16种英语时态总结归纳 5. 16种时态的用法口诀
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