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标点符号在书面语中主要用来明确语句的含义，标示一个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。英语中使用的标点符号主要有下面这些：句点：英国英语（BrE）：Full Stop；美国英语（AmE）：Period，“.”问号：Question Mark，“?”感叹号：Exclamation Mark，“!”逗号：Comma，“,”冒号：Colon，“:”省略号：Ellipsis (众数：Ellipses)，“...”分号：Semicolon，“;”连字符：Hyphen，“-”连接号：En Dash，“–”破折号：Em Dash，“—”括号：Parentheses，小括号（圆括号）“( )”（parenthesis; round brackets）；中括号“[ ]”（a square bracket）；大括号“{ }”（curly brackets; braces）引号：Quotation Marks，双引号“”（quote）；单引号“'”（single quotation marks）缩写及所有格符号：Apostrophe，“'”撇号（’） (Apostrophe) 用于分隔 并列的词和短语（To separate words and phrases in a series） We ordered a hamburger, French fries, apple pie, and a coke. (lon) He awoke, ate his breakfast , got dressed , and went to work. (tofel) He walked with long , slow , steady , deliberate strides. (lon) He went across the sidewalk , down the street , and into the bar and grill. (tofel) 用于分开同位语 Her mother , a Canadian , died when she was five. (col) Tom, I’d like you to meet my friend , George. (fofel) People , old and young , all came out to greet the guests. (zha) 用于分开表示对比的词、短语或从句，以及表示转题的词或词组（To set off a contrast word, phrase, or clause; a transitional word or expression）a. 分开表示对比的词、短语或从句 She was not , however , aware of the circumstances. (dic) I , on the contrary , envy you because you can work and choose your work. (dic) In contrast to his brother , he was always considerate in his treatment of others. (dic) We are enjoying ourselves , although the weather is bad. (cge) Elizabeth was lively and talkative , whereas her sister was quiet and reserved. (cge) b. 分开表示转题的词或词组 Incidentally , she found the book you asked for. (dic) I went to college. Meanwhile , all my friends got well-paid job. (lon) I want to tell you about my trip, but , by the way , how is your mother? (lon) This wanted a bit more thinking about, and , in the meantime , there were a hundred and one little things to be done. (dic) 用于yes、no、why、well等词后的句首（At the beginning of a sentence after yes、no、 why、well，etc） Yes , you are right. (dic) “Is it raining?” “No , it’s snowing.” (dic) You say he is only forty! Why , I know he is at least fifty. (dic) Well , old chap, sit down and make yourself comfortable. (dic) 用于句首的短语或从句之后（After a phrase or a clause at the beginning of a sentence） Unable to resist , Matilda agreed to betray her country. (形容词短语) (lon) From a personal point of view , I found this a good solution to the problem. (介词短语) （lon） To be perfectly frank , you are a bad driver. （不定式短语） （oxf） Having failed twice , he didn’t want to try again. (动词-ing形式) （oxf） Weakened by successive storms , the bridge was no longer safe. (动词-ed形式) （oxf） The game over , we all went home. (独立结构) （tofel） Since we live near the sea , we often go sailing. (副词从句) （lon） 用于分开直接引语（To set off direct quotations） “The radio is too loud , ”she complained. (lon) She replied , “My first thought was to protect.” (col) 如果被分开的引语的第一部分不是完整句子，则后面的引述动词后也须用逗号，引语的第二部分以小写字母开始。例如： “I wonder,” said John , “whether I can borrow your bicycle.” (lon) “That man,” I said , “never opened a window in his life.” (col) 用于标写日期、地址、学位等日期： Tuesday , April 3 , 2001地址： 318 First Street , Sacramento , California (门牌号和街号之间无标点)学位： John Burke , Ph.D. , has written this book.此外也可用于非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语。例如： Dear Philip , Sincerely yours , 用于分开非限定性形容词从句或插入语 I have invited Ann , who lives in the next flat. (oxf) These books , which you can get at any bookshop , will give you all the information you need. (oxf) The trees in that area , it is said , are mostly over thirty feet tall. (zha) We’ll have to book our tickets in advance , I’m afraid. (zha) 用于避免费解或误读 What his name is , is of no interest to me. (lon) Whatever she does , does not concern me. (lon) What one person may think of , another may not. (lon) During the summer , days become longer. (没有逗号，有可能误读为Summer days。) (lon) Soon after , the meeting was adjourned. (没有逗号，有可能误读为after the meeting。) (lon) 分号（Semicolon）用在省去连接词的并列分句之间（Between the clauses of a compound sentence when the conjunction is omitted） The summer were wet ; the winter were dry. (tofel) Don’t lose that key ; it opens the large suitcase with my new clothes. (tofel) Some of us agree with that statement ; some disagree. (dic) Heather didn’t call until 10:15 ; we were very upset. (tofel) Taylor was, as always, a consummate actor ; with a few telling strokes he characterized King Lear magnificently. (lon) 用于隔开由hence、moreover、however、also、therefore、consequently等转题词连接的分句 （To separate clauses jointed by such transitional words as hence, moreover, however, also, therefore, also, therefore, consequently, etc） My mother is by herself ; hence I must go home now. (dic) Bicycling is good exercise ; moreover, it doesn’t pollute the air. (dic) The two sides met again today ; however, they reached no settlement. (tofel) It rained ; therefore the game was called off. (dic) The Delgado family is moving ; consequently, we’ll have new neighbours within a month. (tofel) 转题词位于句末时，前面一般用逗号，后面用句号。例如： He said that it was so; he was mistaken , however. (dic) 转题词也可放于句首，后面用逗号。例如： Nevertheless , she decided to act. (dic) 用于列举事物 Please send the stipulated items : your birth certificate, your passport and the correct fee. (lon) She asked for the following articles : an axe, a hammer, an awl and a saw. (tofel) Our main considerations are as follows : safety, speed, and glamour. (tofel) 如果所列举的事物前面有动词或介词，则不可用冒号。例如： The colors I chose were red, green, blue, and white. (tofel) This design comes in silk, stain, and cotton. (tofel) 用于注释之前 I’ve just had some good news : I’ve been offered a job in a law firm. (lon) You can’t count on him to help : he is such a busy man. (zha) The man had been drinking heavily : this, not age, explained his unsteady walk. 用于引语之前 One student commented : “He seems to know his material very well.” (lon) In his speech to the United Nations, Mr Teng said : “I come here today….” (tofel) 不过，在现代英语中，直接引语前多半用逗号。如： He said , “I am going home.” (lon) 问号（Question Mark）用于疑问句或表示疑问的陈述句末尾。例如： She asked, “How many were in your class ? ” (tofel) What can be done to help these people ? （lon） How long have you been here ? Ten minutes ? Twenty ? Thirty ? (tofel) You are leaving already ? (lon) 撇号（Apostrophe）用于构成名词所有格 Jim’s coat --the boss’s desk the woman’s dress --a moment’s rest somebody else’s order --everyone’s goal one month’s rent --season’s greetings 用于构成动词短语的紧缩形式 I have I’ve --will not won’t She would she’d --I am I’m 用于构成字母、数字或缩写等的复数形式 There are three I’s in that word. (lon) How many 5’s have you got? (zha) an oversupply of Ph.D.’s (博士学位获得者的过剩) (zha) 此外，在非正式的语体中，撇号也用来表示缩写的年份，因此，1984年可写成 ’84。 主要用于表示中间包入的成分是一句引语。例如： He smiled and asked, “Are you her grandson?” (lon) “You have to keep trying, Mabel,” he said. (col) 有时也可用来加在书名、报名、剧名和杂志名等东西的两端。例如： She enjoyed the article “Cities Are for Walking.” (lon) Have you read “Red Star Over China”? (zha) 或加在一个词的两端，引起人对这个词的注意。如： What’s the difference between “differ” and “differentiate”? (zha) He couldn’t spell “mnemonic”, and therefore failed to reach the finals. (lon)
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prep = 介系词；前置词，preposition的缩写 pron = 代名词，pronoun的缩写 n = 名词，noun的缩写 v = 动词，兼指及物动词和不及物动词，verb的缩写 conj = 连接词 ，conjunction的缩写 s = 主词 sc = 主词补语 o = 受词 oc = 受词补语 vi = 不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写 vt = 及物动词，transitive verb的缩写 aux.v = 助动词 ，auxiliary的缩写 a = 形容词，adjective的缩写 ad = 副词，adverb的缩写 art = 冠词，article的缩写 num = 数词，numeral的缩写 int = 感叹词，interjection的缩写 u = 不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写 c = 可数名词，countable noun的缩写 pl = 复数，plural的缩写记得采纳啊
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分号的用法分号是名副其实的分隔号，它不能用于完结一个句子，它通常用于并列的分句之间。一般来说，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。分号一般有以下的用法：1) 用于并列分句之间，以分隔（通常）没有连词连接的主要从句，这些从句被认为是关系密切而属于一个句子。例如：I came; I saw; I conquered.我来了，我看见了，我征服了。I want to go with you; however, time is limited.我想跟你一起，但是，时间不允许。2) 用于for example, for instance, namely, that is(to say), in fact, i.e., e.g. 等词语引出的分句之前。例如：There are many great heroes in Chinese history; for example, Yue Fei, ect.中国历史上有很多英雄，例如，岳飞，等。冒号的用法冒号是一个补充、连贯的符号，被用来引起读者注意下文。冒号多用于正式而庄重的问题中，具体用法如下：1) 列出表示列举、解释、或说明性的词语。例如：His favorite foods are as follows: apple pie, fruit juice, and chocolate.他喜欢的食物有下列东西：如苹果派，果汁和巧克力。2) 引出较长的正式引语或大段引语。例如：In his most famous speech, he said: all men are created equal and must enjoy the equal rights that are given by God.在他最著名的演讲中，他说：人生来是平等的，必须享受上帝所赋予的平等权利。3) 用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号）。例如：Dear Sir Madam: / Ladies and Gentlemen: / Dear Professor Smith:4) 用于时与分之间（英国用法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间。例如：The train is to leave at 7:20.火车7:20开车。The proportion of men to women is 3:5.男人与女人的比例是三比五。You can find this in Genesis 2:3-5.你可以在《创世纪》第二章第三到第五节找到。5) 分隔书名的标题与副标题。例如：Nostromo: A Tale of the Seaboard
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句点（Full Stop / Period，“.”） 问号（Question Mark，“？”） 感叹号（Exclamation Mark，“!”） 逗点（Comma，“,”） 冒号（Colon，“:”） 分号（Semicolon，“;”） 连字符（Hyphen，“-”） 连接号（En Dash，“–”） 破折号（Em Dash，“—”） 括号（Parentheses，小括号“( )”；中括号“[]”；大括号“{}”） 引号（Quotation Marks，双引号“"”；单引号“‘”） 缩写及所有格符号（Apostrophe，“‘”） 一、.句点 1.句点用于当一句话完全结束时。 2.句点也可以用于英文单词的缩写，如 Mrs., Dr., P.S. 等。但要注意的是当缩写的字母形成了一个单词的时候就不要使用句点。如 IBM, DNA 等。 二、？问号 问号要用在一个直接的问句，而不是间接的。 如 How will you solve the problem？ 是正确的用法，但用在 I wonder how you will solve the problem？就不对了，应该使用句点而不是问号。 另外，在客气的用语中，也是用句点而不是问号. 如 Will you please give me a call tomorrow. 三、! 感叹号 感叹号用于感叹和惊叹的陈述中，在商业写作中要注意感叹号的应用，因为不恰当的使用会显得突兀及不稳重。 四、；分号 1.与中文一样，分号用于分隔地位平等的独立子句。在某些情况下，使用分号比使用句点更显出子句之间的紧密联系，另外分号也经常与连接副词 thus, however, therefore一起使用(放在这些词语之前)。如 I realize I need exercise; however, I’ll lie down first to think about it. 2.在句子中如果已经使用过逗点，为了避免歧义的产生，就用分号来分隔相似的内容。如 The employees were Tom Hanks, the manager; Jim White, the engineer; and Dr. Jack Lee. 需要注意的是：一个完整的句子以大写字母开始，以句点结束。写英文时用逗点代替句点、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”，这正是中国学生所要避免的。请比较下列例句： 误：It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. （注意：上面句子中划横线的部分是两个不同的主语，而且逗点前后的句子是完整的-----单独拿出来都能代表一个完整的意思。因此，用逗号违反了英文规定，即一个句子只能有一套主干。） 正：It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields. It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields. It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields. They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. 误：The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea. 正：The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea. The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea. 五、：冒号 1.冒号用于对后面内容的介绍或解释，如 This is her plan: go shopping. 2.冒号用于名单之前，特别是一个竖排的名单。 We transferred three employees to new branches: • Tony Wang to New York City • Mike Jackson to Tokyo • Mark Foster to Paris 当名单横排的时候，冒号要用在一个完整的句子之后，如 We need seven people: three students, three engineers, and a professor. 3.冒号用于一个正式的引用之前。如 The professor said: “It was horrible.” 4.冒号也可用于商业或正式信函的称谓后面，如 Dear Mr. Lee:(美国英语中，信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号，而在英国英语中多用逗号。) 5.冒号用于数字时间的表示，如16:45 或 4:45 p.m. 6.冒号用于主标题和副标题之间，如 Web Directory: World and Non-U.S. Economic Data 六、，逗点 1.逗点用于分隔一系列的简单内容，如 I will go to Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen. 2.逗点用于修饰名词的多个形容词之间，如 a small, fancy bike 3.逗点用于连接两个较长的独立子句，而且每个句子的主语不同，如 The Grizzlies were out of timeouts, and Miller missed a desperation 3-pointer as time expired. 4.逗点用于关联的子句之间，如 Since he’s your younger brother, please take care of him. 5.逗点用于一个较长的修饰短语之后，如 In the middle of the coldest winter on record, the pipes froze. 6.逗点用于直接引用的句子之前，如 Mary said, “Let’s go fishing.”（注意：这里说的和上面提及的冒号在直接引语中的使用不一样。如果是引用比较正式的发言讲话就要用冒号，一般情况下就用逗点。） 如果句中含有间接引用就不需要逗点，如 Mary said we should go fishing. 在反问句之前要使用逗点，如 : He worked very hard, didn’t he？ 以上是比较常用的标点,下面列出一些次常用的标点: 七、连字号Hyphen( -) 1.连字号主要用于某些前缀(如: self-,ex-和all-) 后和构成复合词。如: ex-husband(前夫),brand-new（全新的）,poorly-dressed（衣着破烂的） I have forty-thousand or fifty-thousand dollars. I want to obtain the whole-year or half-year lease of the apartment. 当两个或两个以上复合词并用, 而各复合词连字号后的部分相同时, 各复合词的相同部分只出现一次,应改为the whole-or half-year lease. 2.用于区分同一词源 3. 当某复合词中出现重复的字母或过多的元音, 使阅读困难时, 可用连字号把前缀和词根分开。 non-nuclear, re-use, semi-independent 4. 构成某些复合数字（在英文写作中，100以下的数字应该用英文单词写出来，不可用阿拉伯数字代替） twenty-one during the years 1949-1999 有时, 用作名词的分数可以不用连字号, 但所有用作形容词的分词均须加连字号。 如: one fourth [ 也可one-fourth ] of those surveyed 5.用于一个词的一部分要移行, 一般按音节间断开单词加连字号（例如：ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py……）,或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。注意一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。 八、圆括弧Parenthesis( ( ) ) 1．标出表顺序的数字和字母(如: (1) 、(2) 等) 2．用来表示其中插入的或附加的解释成分。这个插入成分可以是单词、词组或句子．但要注意,括号会削弱强调作用,因此,如果要强调插入的句子成份,则要用破折号。 They might take a walk together(remember feet) and see the neighborhood with fresh , new eyes. 九、引号Quotation Marks(“”‘’) 引号分单引号(single quotation marks) 和双引号(double quotation marks) 。单引号只用在一个直接引语中所含有的另一个直接引语上。 1． 表示直接引语。当直接引语超过四行或多于40 个字词时, 一般不用引号而改用黑体字以便与文章的其它部分界线清晰 “Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ” 句号和逗号必须置于引号(双引号和单引号) 之内。 He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”；his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. She called this schedule of activities her “load ”：work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep. 冒号与分号必置于引号外。 The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”？ Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”？ Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ？” The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”! The fellow only said ,“Sorry !” He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying. 问号、感叹号和破折号有时置于引号之内, 有时置于外号之外。如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句或带有破折号, 问号、感叹号或破折号一般放在引号之内。否则,放在引号之外。 2. 标明短篇出版物的标题, 诸如杂志、报纸上的文章、短诗、短篇故事和整部书的某一章节。 Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”？ Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ” 3.表示所用的词语具有特殊意义。另外,当俚语出现在较正式的文章中, 也用引号引起来, 以表示文风的有意转变。 The report contained the“facts”of the case. The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for ＄2 , 500 a week. 4. 用于表示引起读者注意的词语, 或读者不熟悉的特殊词语。 It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ” “SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger. 十、省略号Ell ipsis(...) 此省略号无论出现在句首、句中、还是句尾,都是表示单词的省略。 1. 表示直接引语中的省略 Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....” 句后的省略号和句号的写法应是在一条直线上的四个黑点。前三个黑点表示省略号,后一个黑点表句号。 2. 表示说话中的犹豫或迟疑 “If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said. 3. 表示段落或整行词句的省略, 须使用一整行黑点。 十一、撇号或省字号Apostrophe(’) 1.构成名词所有格 rest my son’ s a moment’s books A three weeks’pay 2.表示词、字母、数码、符号等的复数形式 Don’t use so many ands in the sentence. How many 5s have you got？ 这与一般单词的复数形式不同, 正规的写法须在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢记规则。 3.除表动词的紧缩形式外, 还表一个或几个字母和数字的省略。 I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said. 注意：有相当大一部分省略词是口语中的用法，不宜出现在书面语中。例如：I’d like to(在书面语中要写作I would like to) 十二、 字底线Underline( ) 和斜体Italics 斜体是英语的一种独特的书写手段, 但具有标点的作用,它和字底线的作用完全一样。 1. 用于火车、飞机、轮船、太空船的名称之下 Challenger (飞机) Apollo Nine(太空船) 2. 用于具有一定厚度的书籍、报纸、杂志、长诗、电影、作曲的标题下 Have you read Gone with the Wind ？ 在书写体中,长篇小说书名下要加字底线,如是印刷体写成斜体即可。 the Washington Post Time magazine 3．表示不常用的或还没有被英语这一语言所接受的外来词或短语。但外来语中的动植物科目须用字底线来表示。 In Korea , the sixty-first birthday is calld huan gup (beginning of new life) 1 He longed for La dolce vita. 4． 强调文章中的某些词语,以引起读者的注意, 相当于汉语中的着重号(即在所强调的汉字下加一个黑点) 。 英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 1．引号的用法：①属于引语的逗号、句号在美国英语中位于引号内，而在英国英语中多位于引号外；②引语内再套用引语时，美国英语中双引号在外单引号在内，而英国英语中的单引号在外、双引号在内。 在美国英语中，如果省略号恰好在句尾，就用四个点，如I‘d like to...that is...if you don‘t mind.... 2． 冒号的用法：①在小时与分钟之间，美国英语多用冒号，英国英语多用句号；②美国英语中，信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号，而在英国英语中多用逗号。 中英文标点符号的差异 汉语中目前使用的标点符号是参考借鉴西文的标点体系而制定的，它既保留了西文标点的主体特征，又带有与汉语语言特点相适应的特色。因而，中英文标点符号之间存在着一定的差异。 ⒈ 汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。 ⑴ 顿号（、）：顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用；英语中没有顿号，分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如： She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box. 注意：类似的情况下，最后一个逗号后可加and，这个逗号也可省略--She slowly, carefully(,) and deliberately moved the box. ⑵ 书名号（《》）：英文没有书名号，书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如： Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 Winter‘s Tale / Winter‘s Tale 《冬天的童话》 The New York Times / The New York Times 《纽约时报》 另外，英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示。 ⑶ 间隔号（•）：汉语有间隔号，用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间，如"一二•九"、"奥黛丽•赫本（人名）"等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号，需要间隔时多用逗点。 ⑷ 着重号：有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语，这些实心点就是着重号。而英语中没有这一符号，需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法。 ⒉ 英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。 ⑴ 撇号--Apostrophe（‘） ⑵ 连字号--Hyphen（-） ⑶ 斜线号—Virgule or Slash（/）：该符号主要起分割作用，如It could be for staff and / or students. 也常用于标音，如bed /bed/。 ⒊ 某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形式不同。 ⑴ 中文的句号是空心圈（。） 英文的句号是实心点（.）。 ⑵ 英文的省略号是三个点（...），位置在行底； 中文的为六个点（......），居于行中。 ⑶ 英文的破折号是（-） 中文的是（--）
