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Mainly refers to nuclear contamination leaked nuclear materials legacy of environmental destruction, including nuclear radiation, atomic dust and other pollution caused by their own, as well as pollution of the environment of these substances brought by the secondary pollution, such as nuclear materials contaminated by Water damage to humans and animals.核污染主要指核物质泄露后的遗留物对环境的破坏,包括核辐射、原子尘埃等本身引起的污染,还有这些物质对环境的污染后带来的次生污染,比如被核物质污染的水源对人畜的伤害.In 1954, the 17-year-old 莉迪亚莱比德 baby just cook Orenburg Institute of the former Soviet Union, a student, she was the chosen to a very secret nuclear test site for the officers responsible for the diet. No one told her that she will participate in a large trial, and this test will produce great harm to people. It was September 14, 1954, a bomber from a height equivalent of running 40,000 under a bomb. Underground nuclear command bunker in the 马歇尔格尔基 Cove is the explosion of the witnesses, Eagle Cove Stalin during World War II was the men's senior officers. Eagle Cove ordered 600 tanks, 600 armored vehicles and 320 aircraft, the source toward the bomb out, arranged the potential to simulate a nuclear war. The trial is to test nuclear war, the soldier's combat capability and the performance of military weapons. Hundreds of domestic livestock is also an effective anti-region for the explosion. Towering mushroom cloud going up, "the scene was like doomsday." Blast test driving the soldiers to open the tank Coles Anatoly Perminov safety recalls the scene in 1954. He also told reporters that since then, his health is poor, afflicted by the illness. "Many people have gas masks, but strong high temperature, we have to remove the mask. The entire battlefield, filled with burning tanks, the aircraft's wreckage." And other military personnel, as Cole Sinuo Fu has never been told suffered more than their strong radiation. He said: "I asked a technical staff specializing in testing, 'average normal' was his answer." Hours before the explosion, Lai Bide responsible for baby food and other 200 women were told that a about to detonate a bomb and then hide them away from the center of the explosion was arranged 3 miles of a deep pit. Lai Bide Wa said, "They only gave me a blanket. Then a huge mushroom cloud going up into the sky. Blanket of darkness enveloped the whole world." Pain afflicted hard Lai Bide their baby healthy and lively Since the nuclear tests, they often get sick. Leukemia troubled her, and she had also had surgery for throat cancer. And the other survivors, Lai Bide baby when the doctor allowed to disclose the causes disease. Until the \ * early, before the Russian government disclosed that the details of nuclear tests. But medical records are destroyed in a few years ago. "I was told, after the explosion if I can find evidence of illness within 5 years, I have the opportunity to get some compensation." Lai Bide baby said, "but when I tried to get medical records, but was told all the documents in 1976 years ago and lost. "to work in the Russian Parliament 罗特尼科瓦, is helping survivors fight for compensation. She believed that the huge death toll much higher. "So far, 130 miles from the test site Orenburg city areas affected by nuclear radiation, the effects of radiation than Chernobyl is double.1954年时,17岁的莉迪亚·莱比德娃还只是前苏联奥伦堡厨师学院的一名学生,她被当局选中,到一个极秘密的核试验基地为军官们负责饮食.没有人告诉她,她将参与一个庞大的试验,而这个试验将对人产生莫大的伤害.那是1954年9月14日,一架轰炸机从高空投放下一枚40000当量的炸弹.在地下核掩体内指挥的马歇尔·格尔基科夫是这次爆炸的目击者,格尔基科夫在二战期间曾是斯大林手下的高级军官.格尔基科夫下令600辆坦克,600辆装甲车及320架飞机朝炸弹震源出动,布置成势,模拟一场核战争. 此次试验的目标是检验核战争爆发时,士兵的作战能力与军事武器的性能.成百上千的家养牲畜也在此次爆炸有效杀伤区内. 冲天蘑菇云拔地而起“当时的场面犹如世界末日.”爆炸试验中开坦克的驾驶士兵安那托利·科尔斯诺夫回忆起1954年的那一幕.他还告诉记者,自那以后,他身体状况很差,深受病痛折磨. “许多人有防毒面具,但强烈的高温下,我们不得不取下面具.整个战场里,充斥着燃烧的坦克,飞机的残骸.”和其他军事人员一样,科尔斯诺夫从来没有被告知自己遭受了多强的核辐射.他说：“我问过一个专门从事检测的技术人员,‘平均水平,正常’便是他的答案.”在爆炸前几小时,莱比德娃和其他200名负责伙食的妇女被告知一枚炸弹即将引爆,随后她们被安排躲在距爆炸中心3英里的一个深坑里. 莱比德娃说,“他们只给了我一条毯子. 随后,一个巨大的蘑菇云拔地而起,直冲云霄.整个世界黑雾笼罩.”病痛苦苦折磨着他们健康活泼的莱比德娃自核试验后,便经常生病.白血病困扰着她,而此前她因咽喉肿瘤也做过手术.和其他幸存者一样,莱比德娃在看医生时不许透露病情发生的原因.直到\*年代初期,俄罗斯政府才公开了那次核实验的详情.但病历档案却在数年前被烧毁了. “我被告知,如果我能够找到爆炸后的5年内生病的证据,我就有机会得到一些补偿.”莱比德娃说道,“但是我试图拿到病历时,却被告知所有的文件于1976年前就丢失了.”曾在俄罗斯议会工作的罗特尼科瓦,现在正帮助幸存者争取赔偿.她相信死亡人数庞大得多.“到目前为止,距离试验场130英里的奥伦堡市受核辐射影响的范围,要比切尔诺贝利的辐射影响还要多一倍. 你自己节选一点吧
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Radioactive contaminationRadioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases (including the human body), where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places[1].Also used less formally to refer to a quantity, namely the activity on a surface (or on a unit area of a surface).Contamination does not include residual radioactive material remaining at a site after the completion of decommissioning.The term radioactive contamination may have a connotation that is not intended.The term radioactive contamination refers only to the presence of radioactivity, and gives no indication of the magnitude of the hazard involved.The amount of radioactive material released in an accident is called the source termSources of contaminationRadioactive contamination is typically the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of radionuclides (radioisotopes), an unstable nucleus which has excessive energy. Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. For example, if a radionuclide used in nuclear medicine is accidentally spilled, the material could be spread by people as they walk around. Radioactive contamination may also be an inevitable result of certain processes, such as the release of radioactive xenon in nuclear fuel reprocessing. In cases that radioactive material cannot be contained, it may be diluted to safe concentrations. Nuclear fallout is the distribution of radioactive contamination by a nuclear explosion. For a discussion of environmental contamination by alpha emitters please see actinides in the environment. Containment is what differentiates radioactive material from radioactive contamination. Therefore, radioactive material in sealed and designated containers is not properly referred to as contamination, although the units of measurement might be the same.[edit] Radiation monitoringThe radiation monitoring involves the measurement of radiation dose or radionuclide contamination for reasons related to the assessment or control of exposure to radiation or radioactive substances, and the interpretation of the results. The methodological and technical details of the design and operation of environmental radiation monitoring programmes and systems for different radionuclides, environmental media and types of facility are given in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. RS–G-1.8 [2] and in IAEA Safety Reports Series No. 64 [3].MeasurementRadioactive contamination may exist on surfaces or in volumes of material or air. In a nuclear power plant, detection and measurement of radioactivity and contamination is often the job of a Certified Health Physicist.[edit] Surface contaminationSurface contamination is usually expressed in units of radioactivity per unit of area. For SI, this is becquerels per square meter (or Bq/m²). Other units such as picoCuries per 100 cm² or disintegrations per minute per square centimeter (1 dpm/cm² = 166 2/3 Bq/m²) may be used. Surface contamination may either be fixed or removable. In the case of fixed contamination, the radioactive material cannot by definition be spread, but it is still measurable.[edit] HazardsIn practice there is no such thing as zero radioactivity. Not only is the entire world constantly bombarded by cosmic rays, but every living creature on earth contains significant quantities of carbon-14 and most (including humans) contain significant quantities of potassium-40. These tiny levels of radiation are not any more harmful than sunlight, but just as excessive quantities of sunlight can be dangerous, so too can excessive levels of radiation.[edit] Low level contaminationThe hazards to people and the environment from radioactive contamination depend on the nature of the radioactive contaminant, the level of contamination, and the extent of the spread of contamination. Low levels of radioactive contamination pose little risk, but can still be detected by radiation instrumentation. In the case of low-level contamination by isotopes with a short half-life, the best course of action may be to simply allow the material to naturally decay. Longer-lived isotopes should be cleaned up and properly disposed of, because even a very low level of radiation can be life-threatening when in long exposure to it.[edit] High level contaminationHigh levels of contamination may pose major risks to people and the environment. People can be exposed to potentially lethal radiation levels, both externally and internally, from the spread of contamination following an accident (or a deliberate initiation) involving large quantities of radioactive material. The biological effects of external exposure to radioactive contamination are generally the same as those from an external radiation source not involving radioactive materials, such as x-ray machines, and are dependent on the absorbed dose.[edit] Biological effectsSee also: Radiation poisoningThe biological effects of internally deposited radionuclides depend greatly on the activity and the biodistribution and removal rates of the radionuclide, which in turn depends on its chemical form. The biological effects may also depend on the chemical toxicity of the deposited material, independent of its radioactivity. Some radionuclides may be generally distributed throughout the body and rapidly removed, as is the case with tritiated water. Some radionuclides may target specific organs and have much lower removal rates. For instance, the thyroid gland takes up a large percentage of any iodine that enters the body. If large quantities of radioactive iodine are inhaled or ingested, the thyroid may be impaired or destroyed, while other tissues are affected to a lesser extent. Radioactive iodine is a common fission product; it was a major component of the radiation released from the Chernobyl disaster, leading to nine fatal cases of pediatric thyroid cancer and hypothyroidism. On the other hand, radioactive iodine is used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases of the thyroid precisely because of the thyroid's selective uptake of iodine.[edit] Means of contaminationRadioactive contamination can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, absorption, or injection. For this reason, it is important to use personal protective equipment when working with radioactive materials. Radioactive contamination may also be ingested as the result of eating contaminated plants and animals or drinking contaminated water or milk from exposed animals. Following a major contamination incident, all potential pathways of internal exposure should be considered.
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