逗号英语翻译

,和语文逗号一样 只有语文是句号 英语是句点

逗号的由来我国古代所讲的“句逗”中的“逗”相当于“句读”中的“读”，表示句内多种不同性质的停顿，常见的形式为尖点（、）。清末王炳耀在《拼音字谱》(1897 年)中采用西式豆芽形的逗号（，）为“一读之号”。胡适在《论句读及文字符号》 (1916 年)中建议以（，）或（、）为“豆”号。陈望道在《新式标点用法》(1919年10～11月)中所讲解的“逗点”（，）包含今逗号和顿号两种用法。l919 年《请颁行新式标点符号议案》所定的“点号”有两种形式，一种是从历史上传承下来的句读符号（、），另一种是借自西方的逗号（，），用其中任何一种形式都可包含今逗号和顿号两种用法。陈望道在《作文法讲义》(1922 年)中把它们分作两种不同的标点符号，分别定名为“顿号”（、）和“逗号”（，）。1930 年《教育部划一教育机关公文格式办法》把逗号（，）和顿号（、）分别列为公文使用的 14 种标点符号之一。逗号在西文有不同的名称。在属日耳曼语族的语言中，英语称comma、德语称Komma、荷兰语和丹麦语称komma，源自希腊语k?mma(被切分出来的片段，短句段)。在属拉丁语族的语言中，法语称virgule、意大利语称virgola、葡萄牙语称virgula(也可称coma)、罗马尼亚语称virgulǎ，源自拉丁语 virgula(小杆、细枝)。在古罗马，读书人偶尔使用斜线断句。自 13 世纪以来西方抄写员越来越多地使用斜线表示句内的短暂停顿。在中世纪晚期，斜线下移，为避免与下一行的字母纠缠，收缩成为半圆形符号（，），小马努提乌斯称之为“半圆点” (semicirculus)。15 世纪末意大利出版家老马努提乌斯拟定了一个包括逗号（，）、分号（；）、冒号（：）、句号（.）和问号（?）在内的标点系统，用于他创办的阿尔丁出版社出版的图书。他选择现在已为大家熟悉但当时还很罕见的半圆形逗号（，）作为表示句内最小停顿的符号，在所出的拉丁文书籍中最先见于 1495 年印制的彼埃特罗·本博《埃特纳火山探险记》。逗号的这种形式和用法，随着阿尔丁版图书传播到全欧，逐渐为西方各国所接受，用以取代其他形式的逗号。例如，英国 1525 年印行威廉·廷德尔翻译的《圣经·新约》英文本仍使用（/）作逗号，当时称为 virgil。1535 年迈尔斯·科弗达尔将《圣经》全部译成英文出版，开始改用（，）代替（/）作逗号，l539 年印行的《大圣经》也是如此。随着逗号的形式的改变，逗号英语名称在 1554 年由 virgil 改为 comma。virgule 在现代英语为斜分隔号（/）的名称，法语自 1534 年以来一直用来指逗号（，）。************************************************逗号把句子切分为意群，表示小于分号大于顿号的停顿。逗号在汉语及大多数外语是使用频率最高的标点符号，朝鲜语使用句号多于逗号属于特殊情况。逗号的用途最广泛，用法最灵活，因此也最难掌握。比较和分析国内外有关资料的说法，有助于了解逗号的主要功能。不同时期的政府文件关于逗号的定义如下：·逗号，用于意义未完之语尾。(1933年《标点办法举例及行文款式》)·逗号（，）表示一句话中间的停顿。(1954年《标点符号用法》)·逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿。(1990年《标点符号用法》)·1)句子内部主语之间如需停顿，用逗号。2)句子内部动词与宾语之间如需停顿，用逗号。3)句子内部状语后边如需停顿，用逗号。4)复句内各分句之间的停顿，除了有时要用分号外，都要用逗号。(1996年《标点符号用法》)国外一些辞书和参考书有关逗号用法的说明：·用来分隔最小的句子成分的标点符号，也用来分隔算术式和化学式中的数字与符号。逗号的作用在于使用话语的语法结构清楚，从而使意义清楚。(英国《牛津英语大词典》1989年第2版)·用来表示词、短语与句子之间的最小程度的切分的标点符号。(英国《企鹅英语词典》1978版)·用来表示句子成分的细小切分的标点符号，如分隔非限制性的或插入的成分、引文、并列项目等。(美国《韦氏新世界美语词典》1976年版)·逗号，也许是用途最广的标点符号，表示思想或句子结构的连续性的最小的中断。(美国《芝加哥文字规范手册》1993年版)·由稍向左弯的一条短线构成的标点符号，置于词的右下角，用以切分句子成分并表示最小的停顿。(法国)《莱克西斯法语词典》1975年版)·把句子分成意义单位的标点符号。(德国格·瓦里希《德语词典》贝尔斯曼出版集团1975年版)·表示句子内部的语调的切分以及分隔某些句法单位的标点符号。(奥若戈夫《俄语词典》莫斯科1982年版)·标点符号之一种，相当于日文的读点（、），用于表示句子结构中最短的休止。（日本《出版事典》1971年版）外语没有顿号，多用逗号表示最小的停顿。汉语逗号表示的停顿大于顿号，因此表示最小的停顿不能用来说明汉语逗号的主要功能。 1990 年《标点符号用法》说明“逗号表示句子内部的一般性停顿”，这就使逗号同各有职司的点号区别开来。其实的也有自己的职司，顿号、分号、冒号等点号不管的句内停顿都归它管，只是管的范围比较宽而已。 1996 年《标点符号用法》把一般性停顿具体化，改为对四种停顿加以分述，这四种停顿起分隔主语、谓语、宾语、状语及分句的作用，都同句法有关。逗号的主要功能是把句子分成意群或句法单位，使词语、分句的组合关系显示出来。顿号和分号也分别表示词语和分句的某种关系，但使用范围受严格限制，不如逗号用法灵活和多样化。逗号用与不用通常取决于两个因素：一是说话时是否有停顿；二是句法上是否需要停顿，不用是否会产生歧义或不便于阅读。句内一个字、一个意义单位要同上下文分隔，首选的标点符号是逗号。

参考下面方法操作：

工具/原料：联想天逸510Pro，WIN7。

1、首先打开电脑按键盘中的Shift键。如图所示。

2、然后将输入法切换到英文状态下。如图所示。

3、然后再按键盘的逗号键。如图所示。

4、最后即可输入英文的逗号了。如图所示。

目前比较常见的有这些：1）句号Period；2）问号Question Mark；3）感叹号Exclamation Mark；4）逗号Comma；5）冒号Colon；6）分号Semicolon；7）连字符Hyphen；8）连接号En Dash；8）破折号Em Dash；9）括号Parentheses；10）引号Quotation Marks。顺便推荐一下Joy高斋翻译CATTI和MTI分享：希望对你有用。必备|标点符号如何翻译？（附使用规则）比如2016年11月英语三级笔译实务试题原文：Harper Lee was an ordinary woman as stunned as anybody by the extraordinary success of “To Kill a Mockingbird.”里面的双引号。“To Kill a Mockingbird”，英文中的书名通常是斜体或加引号表示或者大写就可以，因为斜体有时候看着不整齐，译文中文需要加上书名号，书名第一次出现，需要括号加注原英文名（人名也这样处理）。还比如14年11月CATTI二级笔译英译汉真题原文：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region around this Belgian city is busily preparing to commemorate the 200th anniversary in 2015 of one of the major battles in European military history. 里面的逗号和破折号。WATERLOO, Belgium比利时滑铁卢：这里考察英语地名从小到大，而且加个逗号，汉语里面是从大到小，不加逗号，比如Shanghai, China翻译为中国上海。这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，可是我今天看了大家提交的译文，基本都这样写的：WATERLOO, Belgium --- The region 比利时滑铁卢——：破折号的用法和翻译，这是CATTI英译汉高频翻译细节，经常用在文章或报道的开头，引出事件发生的背景（地点）。翻译的时候保持破折号即可。:Colon（冒号）1．引出表示列举、解释或说明性的词语，翻译的时候保持：The string section consists of four instruments: violin, viola cello, and bass. /His grades are a follows: English, an A; History. a B: Science, a D: and Math, a C.2．引出对前文进行补充、总结或强调的词语，翻译的时候保持：Judges have a double duty；They must protect the innocent and punish the guilty／ He has only one pleasure: eating.3．引出较长的正式引语或大段引语，翻译的时候是：或者，In his most famous speech he said: All men are created equal and must enjoy equally the rights that are inalienably theirs.4．用于信件或演说词中的称呼语之后（英国用法中多用逗号），翻译的时候保持：Dear Sir: /Dear Professor Jones: /Ladies and Gentlemen:5．用于公函、政府文件或商业函件的标题或标目之后，翻译的时候保持：TO. /SUBJECT: /REFERENCE: /VIA:6．用于时与分之间（英国法中多用句号）、比率数之间、《圣经》的章与节之间，翻译的时候保持：The train is to leave at 8: 30. /Common nouns outnumber proper nouns in proportion 32. /You will find it in Genesis 2: 4-7.7．分隔书名的标题与副标题，翻译的时候保持：或者破折号NOStromo: A Tale of the Seaboard， Comma（逗号）1．分隔并列成分We are tired, hungry and dilate. /Washington was said to be first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen. /We were taught how to sit gracefully, how to walk. how to converse politely.2．分隔并列句中的分句It snowed all night, and the schools were closed the next day. / We must leave now, or we will miss the plane. / I tried to sleep, but my neighbour's dog made that impossible. /It is an imperfect system,yet it is better than none.3．分隔对比或对照成分He is sick, not drunk. /The more haste, the less speed.4．分隔非限定性修饰语、同位语或附加说明的词语He found the Paper on the roof, where the newsboy had thrown it. The the who had cared through the window, went straight to the safe. /They want us, you and me, to go there. /I have to get up early, particularly on Sundays.5．分隔附加疑问句或选择疑问句Tom didn't take it, did he? / Which pencil do you prefer. the red one or the blue one?6．分隔直接引语和导语Only a fool. "Sherman said, " would carry on like that.7．表示省略相同词语Some went to the right; others, to the left.8. 分隔句首状语Usually, he is dressed in blue jeans. / Except for physics, my courses are not difficult. /When he found that his parents had deserted him, he sat down to cry.9，常用以分隔用作独立成分、状语等的下列词语Honestly, that's all the money I have. /Personally, I prefer the other one. /Unfortunately, they were out when I called. /To tell you the truth, I was very frightened1) actually, basically, briefly fortunately,frankly, honestly, hopefully, incidentally,luckily, naturally, personally, unfortunately, to tell the truth2) anyhow, anyway, besides, consequent,furthermore, however, likewise, moreover, nevertheless, otherwise, therefore;3)first(ly), second(ly ), last(ly), finally,first of all. after all, above all, in other words, for example, for instance, that is,namely, i.e., e. g.4)in short, in fact, in conclusion, in a few words, as a result, as a matter of fact, on the contrary, on the other hand;5) of course, by the way, sure enough, between you and me, believe it or not;6)I think, I believe, I suppose, you know,you see, In my opinion;7)yes, no, well, ohAnyhow, even if the problem does arise, it wont affect us. /I don’t want to go; besides, I’m too tired. /This is, however, another side to this problem.This is our most disastrous and embarrassing defeat eve: in short, a fiasco. /I don’t like him, in fact,I hate him. /On the contrary, it hardly ever rains.It's strange, you know, that he hasn’t passed the exam. /In my opinion, he is right.Yes, times have changed. /Well, not much can be done about it now. /Oh, David, come here a moment! /Oh no, not again!10．分隔日期、数字、地点Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty. /The cinema is only open to adults, i. e.,people over 18.June 12, 1991/It was on Friday, May 16, in Los Angeles. /The price of this sedan car is $12,300./He lives at 1515 Halsted Street.Chicago, Illinois.11．分隔人名与职称、头衔或倒置姓名I asked my boss for a month's holiday and, believe it or not, he agreed! /By the way, have you seen Tom recently?12．分隔呼语R W. Leeds, M. D. /George Washington, President/Smith, John W., Jr.I would like to ask you, Mr. Jones, for your opinion. /Will you see if the door is closed, Janet? /Sir,I'd like to ask a question.13．用于信件的称呼语之后（美国用法中多用冒号）或结束语之后Dear Mary, /Sincerely yours, /Yours truly,“ ”Quotation Mark（引号)1．用于直接引语注意下列句子中其他标点符号与引号的相对位置:1）逗号、句号位于引号内（这是美国用法，英国用法多置于引号外）2）不属于引语的问号、感叹号或破折号位于引号之外3）在引语内再用引语时，可用单引号（这是美国用法，在英国用法中，单引号在外，双引号在内）4）引语不止一段时，引号位于各段起始处和最后一段结尾处Michael said, "Let's meet at my house next time. "/"No, you cant, "she wrote. "It's impossible.on January 1, 1863, Lincoln declared the slaves "forever free. "/The word"bread, for example, has both standard and slang meanings.Why did she say "That is a very selfish attitude"?The witness said, "I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late, and then heard the door closed. " /The witness said, I distinctly heard him say, Don’t be late.and then heard the door closed.’Frequently used signs and symbols are in the back of this dictionary. Many are found on typewriters.Symbols include the chemical elements... The chemical elements are also grouped together in the back of this dictionary. "2．用于引述文章、文艺作品、歌曲、广播及电视节目、绘画等Have you read the article"Shanghai Shows Its Colors"in the January Time? /"Ode to a Nightingale " was written by Keats. /American national anthem is"The Star-spangled Banner. " /YOAS Amencan Mosaic”／ Da Vinci’s“ Mona Lisa "3．用于引述俚语、反语、借用语、定义、词形等Her brother"socked her in the eye and" beaned "her with a ruler. /Bob's skiing"vacation"consisted of three weeks with his leg in a cast. / The basic meaning of dumb in both British and American English is“ unable to speak．”／ How do you spell the word＂ eclectic”？;Semicolon（分号）一般说来，分号的作用介于句号与逗号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号分开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。1．用于并列分句之间People make history: unusual people make history interesting. /Your car is new; mine is six years old. /I came, I saw I conquered. /it's too late to go for a walk now; besides, it's beginning to rain. /We finally found the gate; however, it had been locked.2．分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the charge.The sun, a bright yellow ball, shone; the children, happy as always, played.3．用于由 for example， for instance， namely，that is（ to say）， in fact，i．e．，e．g等词语引出的分句之前Many of their talents complemented each other; for example, he played the piano and she sang./Tom is well-liked: in fact. he is the most popular person in the class./He chose to invest in major industries: i. e, steel, automobiles, and oil.— Dash(破折号)1.用在一个解释性的分句或句子前面：It's an environmental issue. — That's not a small matter.这是个环境保护的问题，这不是一件小事。2.用在一个解释性的插入语的前面和后面（相当于一个括号）：During my vacation—I must have been insane—I decided I would ski.假期中，我准是疯了，我决定去滑雪。3.用在一个引用的句子前面（代替一个冒号，或与分号一起用）：Uncle Wang laughingly answered—"No, no; stay where you are."大叔笑着回答道“不用了，不用了，你就呆到那。”4.表示意思的突然转折："And may I ask—"said Xiao Wu;" but I guess it's better for you to ask him about it."“我可以问——”小吴说；“不过我想还是你问他的好。”5.表示迟疑犹豫："I—I—I rather think —maybe—Amy has taken it."“我——我——我想——或许——是艾米拿了。”6.总括前面列举的若干东西：News house, larger schools, more sheep, more pigs and chickens, more horses and donkeys—everywhere here shows signs of prosperity.新房子，扩建的学校，更多的羊、猪、鸡，更多的马和驴，这里的一切显示出一片繁荣景象。Italicization斜体字的使用1．书籍、报刊、文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称Dickens' Oliver Twist /The English-Chinese Dictionary/Readers Digest /The New York TimesMilton's Paradise Lost/Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro/ The Sound of Music /Van Gogh’s StarryNight2．交通工具、航天器等专名Air Force One/Apollo/Challenger3．作为例示的词、字母或数字The word receive is often misspelled. /The b in comb is silent4，表示强调的词语She never expected such a welcome. /woman's place was in the home; it certainly isn’t today.5．表示未归化的外来词语In aeternum[L]/ fille[F]6．动物学和植物学中表示属、种、亚种及变种的拉丁语新学名The horse (Equus caballus )has affected the course of history more than any other animal. /The mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens )is the state flower of Oklahoma.7．法庭案例名称中的原被告姓名Madison v. Kingley/the Jones case8．剧本中的舞台提示ROBERT: Ah yes, of course. Sit down, sit down, please, Mrs. Ross. [She sits as if this made matters rather worse.]PHILIP: (Standing guard by her side. )My wife is a little agitated.取自陆谷孙英译汉大词典

标点符号：punctuation.见下述表示：apostrophe ’ 'brackets [ ] ( ) { } ⟨ ⟩colon :comma , ، 、dash ‒ – — ―ellipsis … ... ⋯ ᠁ ฯexclamation mark !full stop, period .guillemets ‹ › « »hyphen ‐hyphen-minus -question mark ?quotation marks ‘ ’ “ ” ' ' " "semicolon ;slash, stroke, solidus / ⧸ ⁄

标点符号 punctuation;interpunction

和语文的一样，用“，”