灌溉英语作文

water is very important for living things. without water there can be no life on earth. all animals and plants need water. man also needs water.

water is found atmosteverywhere. even in the driest part of the world there is some water in the air.

as we all have found out, water may be a solid, or a liquid or a gas.when it isa solid, it may be as hard as brick, when itis a liquid, you can pour it out of a container. when it is a gas, you cannot see or feel it.

although about 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water,there are many places in the world still running out of water. so we should make good use of water on earth.

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this is a diagram of a farm. the arrow marks north. the farm lies in the west of the city, one hour away by train from the city center. the farm is 1.5 miles wide and 2 miles long. the office building stands in the center of the farm. to the left of the building is a chicken house and to the right a garage. there is a garden in front of the building and a playground behind it. a wheat field in the north takes up half the farm, and a corn field in the south takes up the other half. there is a well near the corn field and a small reservoir beside the wheat field. trees are planted around the farm to prevent the crops from being blown down by strong winds.这是一个农场的示意图。箭头指向北。农场位于城市西边，从市中心乘火车一小时到达。农场宽1．5英里，长2英里。农场中间矗立着办公楼。楼的左侧是鸡舍，右侧是车库。楼前有一个花园，楼后是运动场。北面的小麦田占农场的一半，南面的一半是玉米田。玉米田边有一口井，小麦田边有一个水库。农场四周种植了树木，以防庄稼被大风吹倒。a farm is shown in the diagram. the arrow points to north. the farm lies in the west of the city. it is one hour away by train from the city center.it is 1.5 miles from east to west, 2 miles from north to south. in the middle there is an office building. to the west of the building is a chicken house and to the east is a garage. there is a beautiful garden in front of the building and a playground behind it. a wheat field takes up half the farm in the north, while the southern half of the farm is a corn field. there is a reservoir beside the wheat field, and a well is near the corn field, both of which make it easier to water the crops. around the farm many trees are planted to protect the crops from strong winds.示意图上是一个农场。箭头指向北。农场位于城市西边。从市中心乘火车一小时到达。农场东西宽1．5英里，南北长2英里。农场中间有一幢办公楼。楼的西边是鸡舍，东边是车库。楼前有一个漂亮的花园，楼后是运动场。小麦田占了农场北面的一半，农场的南半部是玉米田。小麦田边有一个水库，玉米田附近有一口井，这些方便了庄稼的灌溉。农场四周种植了许多树木，以保护庄稼免受大风吹袭。

Determined to conserve precious water, China plans to plug its leaky crop irrigation system and end wasteful farming.By staff reporter Ren BoWater use soars in the Chinese countryside every June as farmers tap irrigation systems and drench thirsty crops.But this summer, a government a pilot project for farms spread across some 1,000 square kilometers could dramatically change water use habits along a national irrigation network often criticized as too wasteful, especially for a country that needs every drop.Efficient irrigation is considered key to mitigating China’s well-documented water crisis. Agriculture has always been the top priority for water use in China, with some 70 percent of national water volume devoted to farming.As a result, scholars say improving agricultural water conservation should be at the center of efforts to optimize China’s national water distribution system. At the same time, a better irrigation system can protect the nation’s grain production.Comprehensive ReformThe pilot is a joint, three-step project led by the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) and Ministry of Finance.First, central and local governments will subsidize farmers who improve irrigation system efficiency. Then Water Management Associations will be established in irrigation districts to control irrigation system property while overseeing facility management and maintenance.The third step will be to set water prices within irrigation districts. These prices will cover costs of water and maintenance, with farmers paying fees to local management associations.Zheng Tonghan, deputy director at MWR’s finance department, said irrigation system renovations will greatly reduce water waste. He also promises that prices will be adjusted without burdening farmers.Government officials cautiously avoid mention of “price increases,” but most have expressed support for exactly that. Water prices have been relatively low in China, and irrigation waste has been a serious problem. Thus, higher prices have been seen as the best way to boost conservation.Worsening SituationEvery cubic meter of water currently costs, on average, only a fraction of a yuan in China. Prices are even lower for farmers in major irrigation districts.Experts blame low costs for a huge level of water waste. For example, in some areas irrigated by the Yellow River, up to 50 percent of the water is wasted. And in Gansu Province, some irrigation ditches lose up to 80 percent of the water they’re supposed to carry to crops.Inefficient water use and low prices that fail to cover irrigation management costs helped pressure the government to launch the latest reforms.According to MWR experts, inadequate investment in China’s irrigation system have increasingly created bottlenecks for agricultural development. Moreover, China’s large and mid-sized irrigation projects, mainly built between the 1950s and ’70s, suffer from poor design and quality, according to MWR. Many have already surpassed intended lifespans without renovations. Some 40 percent of 400 systems in major irrigation areas suffer from structural defects that greatly reduce efficiency.In addition, MWR said substandard irrigation facilities waste large amounts of water. Around one-third of the country’s large and mid-sized irrigation areas have water utilization rates of less than 35 percent, which in turn has reduced grain output. Experts think better efficiency will allow irrigated farms to double or even quadruple grain production compared with non-irrigated plots.Until now, China has failed to invest enough in irrigation systems. According to a blueprint for national irrigation system development, 120 billion yuan should be allocated for improving irrigation projects in more than 402 areas. But in the past nine years, only 10 billion yuan has been allocated by the central government.At the same time, vague rules for irrigation system property rights in villages makes it hard for these facilities to get financing needed for maintenance. Especially since the agricultural tax reform of 2004, local financing for village-level irrigation facilities has rapidly declined. Statistics show a decrease of about 70 billion yuan every year since 1998. And farmers have been unwilling to pay additional irrigation tariffs.In 2006, MWR investigated water prices in 551 major irrigation areas in 26 provinces. It found the average price for agricultural water was 0.065 yuan per cubic meter in 2005, covering barely 38 percent of system costs, while the average water tariff covered only 57 percent.By subsidizing irrigation projects, central and local governments hope to eliminate inefficiencies. But the plan’s success hinges on the pricing mechanism. If the price is too low, farmers may not conserve water, and maintenance funds will be harder to find. But if the price is too high, farmers may balk at paying or push grain prices higher.Challenges AheadAlthough irrigation water is cheap, it still helps dictate the price of grain. A 2006 survey by MWR said water prices makes up 5 percent to 20 percent of grain costs, depending on the region.Some scholars fear higher water tariffs may be too hard for farmers, especially since prices of fertilizer and fuel are rising quickly at a time when domestic grain prices are set below international levels. Some say grain production may decline.In fact, some farmers have already left irrigated areas or switched to low yield crops that demand less water. A scholar at the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiang Wenlai, suggested that water price reform should take into account factors including production costs, profits, income levels, and estimates of how much cost a farmer can bear.At the same time, local water management agencies are posting huge losses due to current water price rules. Statistics show that 8,250 of the country’s 32,960 management agencies reported losses totaling 3 billion yuan in 2006.Experts agree that, in the long run, water shortages will force water prices to rise, and agricultural water use will be no exception. Some experts say if rising water costs can’t translate into higher grain prices, farmers should receive support subsidies.

Whenever April 22, this is the earth's festival, has already 30 years, because of "three wastes" pollution (waste water and gas and waste residue) and "top ten pollution" around the world each year, a most caused disease, disability, or death. However, the white pollution have freedom, it in the sky, the ozone layer outrages plunge broken, he let desert sand flies never stope and disturbed the people's life. Trees can't resist with it, in a hurry to leave people. If we don't can stop, white pollution will give human serious punishment, in the end, is not only the rare animals and plants, even we humans, will eventually destroy on the desert. The classmates, we cannot leave the survival of the earth, a common destiny brought us together, nature how hope it can return to uncle homes, the earth mother put heavy responsibility in the human body, because only can we save the earth and human happiness: let the green no longer sigh, nature never cry, let the earth mother wound disappearance, let the earth more strong tomorrow, lovely and beautiful! I called on: don't destroy our own home, everybody is responsible for protecting the environment, protecting the environment starts from me, from now to start with!

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