文哥哥哥哥哥
英语语法教程中的语法知识点，我们来看一些比较简单的。下面是我给大家整理的英语语法教程，供大家参阅!
1.名词的数
<例句>
Her family are all music lovers.
她的家人都喜欢音乐。
<语法分析>
family为集体名词，作整体讲时为单数名词，如考虑到其个体时，则为复数名词。名词的数的概念是指名词的单复数，即名词的可数与不可数名词。一般而言，名词可以分为两类：即表示人名、地名及某些类人和事物专有名称的专有名词和普通名词。个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词都属于普通名词。个体名词和集体名词可以用数来计算，成为可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词一般都不能用数来计算，成为不可数名词名词。
<触类旁通>
(1) Her husband is a Swiss. Her parents are both Swiss.
她丈夫是瑞士人。她的父母都是瑞士人。
语法分析：表示某国人的名词单复数同形，类似的还有某些表示动物名称的词，如bison, deer, fish, cod和salmon等。
(2) He finished school at fifteen.
他十五岁中学毕业。
语法分析：有些个体名词用作抽象名词，在意义上是不可数名词的。
(3) How much machinery has been installed?
装了多少机器?
语法分析：有不少名词在汉语中是可数的，而在英语中确是不可数的。
(4) There is a beauty in simplicity.
朴实之中有一种美。
语法分析：在多数情况下抽象名词用于单数形式，某些时候，也可以在其前面加定冠词或不定冠词。
(5) Two beers, please.
请来两杯啤酒。
语法分析：一般说来，物质名词是不可数的，因而没有复数形式，但有些物质名词用作可数名词可用来表示“一份”、“一杯”或“一种”等意义。
(6) He came up to shake hands with me.
他走过来和我握手。
语法分析：有些名词在某些习惯性的用法中，要用复数，成为相互复数。
<巩固练习>
1. Never make _____[friend] with such a person.
2. I have to change _____[train] here.
3. The public _____[be] deceived by the newspapers.
4. The gang _____[be] being hunted by the police.
5. No news _____[be] good news.
6. I know a few _____[Japanese].
7. We have defended the _____[fruit] of our victory.
<参考答案>
1. friends 2. trains 3. were 4. is 5. is 6. Japanese 7. fruits
<例句>
I bought two bottles of ink yesterday.
我昨天买了两瓶墨水。
<语法分析>
单位名词的数有单、复数的形式，如kind, sort, type, piece, cake, bottle和grain等单位名词如与复数限定词连用，一般要变成复数形式，of 后面的名词多用单数形式，且不用冠词。有些单位名词如dozen, score, head等词语复数限定词连用，仍保留单数形式。但如表示一种不确定的复数时，用复数形式。有些单位名词如pair, couple和ton等于复数限定词连用时，可用单数也可用复数。this, that, another和every等单数限定词一般只能与单数名词连用，但复数名词前有一个集体数词，且被看作一个整体时，也可与this等单数限定词连用。
<触类旁通>
(1) I like that two kinds of apple.
我喜欢那两种苹果。
语法分析：单位名词如与复数限定词连用，一般要变成复数形式。
(2) The shop sells six kinds of hat.
这家商店出售六种帽子。
语法分析：of 后面的名词多用单数形式。
(3) I went to the students reading-room yesterday.
我昨天去学生阅览室了。
语法分析：名词有时也可用复数作定语。
(4) He is a seven-year-old boy.
他是个七岁的男孩。
语法分析：数词 + 名词作定语，这个名词一般保留单数形式。
(5) I go to see her every two weeks.
我每两周去看望她一次。
语法分析：复数名词前有一个集体数词，且被看作一个整体时，也可与单数限定词连用。
(6) Never make friends with such a person.
不要和这样的人交朋友。
语法分析：有些名词在某些习惯用法中，要用复数形式。
<巩固练习>
1. She eat twn _____[piece] of bread.
2. There are three _____[grain] of rice on the table.
3. There are two _____[score] of birds in the forest.
4. She bought three _____[dozen] of balls last week.
5. I have been there _____[dozen] of times.
6. Wealth was calculated by _____[head] of cattle.
7. The old man is a _____[shoe] doctors there.
8. I saw two _____[man] doctors there.
9. She came up to shake _____[hand] with me.
10. He asked me to change _____[seat].
<参考答案>
1. pieces 2. grains 3. score 4. dozen 5. dozens 6. heads 7. shoe 8. men 9. hands 10. seats
<例句>
He is a friend of Henry's.
他是亨利的一个朋友。
<语法分析>
这是名词的双重所有格现象，of 后面的名词只能表示人，不能表示物。格是一种语法范畴，它表示名词或代词与句中其他词之间的结构和语义关系。名词所有格可以表示包括所有关系在内的多种关系，所有关系、主谓关系、动宾关系还可表示类别和地点等。‘s所有格和of 所有格都有多种意义，两者常常是不能互换的。
<触类旁通>
(1) Is this Mr. Black's office?
这是布莱克先生的办公室吗?
语法分析：名词所有格主要用于表示人的名词，也用于某些动物的名称后。
(2) We met at the hotel's entrance.
我们在旅馆门口相遇。
语法分析：名词所有格也用来表示某些无生命东西的名词，如时间、距离、价格、国家及城市等。
(3) She was pleased by her teacher's praise.
老师的称赞使她很高兴。
语法分析：名词所有格除了表示“所有关系”外，还可以有一些特殊的意义，可以表示主动关系。
(4) Everyone is singing the fighter's praise.
每个人都称赞这位战士。
语法分析：名词所有格还可以表示被动关系。
(5) He put his arm through his brother's.
他伸手挽住他哥哥的手臂。
语法分析：所有格修饰的词，如刚刚提过则可以省略，以避免重复。
(6) I am going to the barber's.
我要去理发店。
语法分析：所有格可以用来表示教堂、店铺以及某人的家等。
<巩固练习>
1. Sunddenly she heard the barking _____ dogs.
2. Do you recall that poem _____[Byron].
3. This is the _____[workers] rest homes.
4. I bought several ______[children] books yesterday.
5. It is another book of my ______[brother].
<参考答案>
1. of 2. of Byron's 3. workers' 4. children's 5. brother's
L..好菇凉
全新版大学英语综合教程第二册单元8课文解读
导语：保护自然肯定是有好处的，但也需要成本，怎样权衡利弊呢，下面是一篇关于保护环境的英语课文，欢迎大家学习。
Part I Pre-Reading Task
Listen to the recording two or three times and then think over the following questions:
1. What kind of paradise is described in the song?
2. Why do people have to pay to see the trees?
3. What would happen if farmers continued to use DDT?
4. What is the theme of the song?
The following words in the recording may be new to you:
pink
a. 粉红色的
boutique
n. 时装店
hot spot
n. (sl.) nightclub 夜总会
insect
n. 昆虫
Part II
Text
Protecting nature certainly has benefits, but it has costs as well. How are we to balance the two when deciding how far we should go in caring for the environment?
SAVING NATURE, BUT ONLY FOR MAN
Charles Krauthammer
Environmental sensitivity is now as required an attitude in polite society as is, belief in democracy or aversion to nylon. But now that everyone has claims to love Mother Earth, how are we to choose among the dozens of conflicting proposals, restrictions, projects, regulations and laws advanced in the name of the environment? Clearly not everything with an environmental claim is worth doing. How to choose?
There is a simple way. First, distinguish between environmental luxuries and environmental necessities. Luxuries are those things it would be nice to have if costless. Necessities are those things we must have regardless. Then apply a rule. Call it the fundamental principle of sensible environmentalism: Combating ecological change that directly threatens the health and safety of people is an environmental necessity. All else is luxury.
For example: preserving the atmosphere, by both protecting the ozone layer and halting the greenhouse effect, is an environmental necessity. In April scientists reported that ozone damage is far worse than previously thought. Ozone reduction not only causes skin cancer and eye cataracts, it also destroys plankton, the beginning of the food chain on top of which we humans sit.
The reality of the greenhouse effect is more speculative, though its possible consequences are far deadlier: melting ice caps, flooded coastlines, disturbed climate, dried up plains and, ultimately, empty breadbaskets. The American Midwest feeds the world. Are we prepared to see Iowa acquire Albuquerque's climate? And Siberia acquire Iowa's?
Ozone reduction and the greenhouse effect are human disasters. They happen to occur in the environment. But they are urgent because they directly threaten man. A sensible environmentalism, the only kind of environmentalism that will win universal public support, begins by unashamedly declaring that nature is here to serve man. A sensible environmentalism is entirely man-centered: it calls for man to preserve nature, but on the grounds of self-preservation.
A sensible environmentalism does not sentimentalize the earth. It does not ask people to sacrifice in the name of other creatures. After all, it is hard enough to ask people to sacrifice in the name of other humans. (Think of the public resistance to foreign aid and welfare.) Ask hardworking voters to sacrifice in the name of the snail darter, and, if they are feeling polite, they will give you a shrug.
Of course, this man-centeredness runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that worships the earth to the point of excess. One scientific theory — Gaia theory — actually claims that Earth is a living organism. This kind of environmentalism likes to consider itself spiritual. It is nothing more than sentimental. It takes, for example, a highly selective view of the kindliness of nature. My nature worship stops with the May storms that killed more than 125,000 Bengalis and left 10 million homeless.
A non-sentimental environmentalism is one founded on Protagoras' principle that "Man is the measure of all things." Such a principle helps us to fight our way through the jungle of environmental argument. Take the current debate raging over oil drilling in a corner of the Alaska National Wildlife Refuge. Environmentalists, fighting against a bill working its way through Congress to permit such exploration, argue that we should be conserving energy instead of drilling for it. This is a false either/or proposition. The country does need a substantial energy tax to reduce consumption. But it needs more production too. Government estimates indicate a nearly fifty-fifty chance that under the ANWR lies one of the five largest oil fields ever discovered in America.
We have just come through a war fought in part over oil: Energy dependence costs Americans not just dollars but lives. It is a ridiculous sentimentalism that would deny ourselves oil that is peacefully attainable because it risks disrupting the breeding grounds of Arctic reindeer.
I like the reindeer as much as the next man. And I would be rather sorry if their mating patterns are disturbed. But you can't have everything. And if the choice is between the welfare of reindeer and reducing oil dependence that gets people killed in wars, I choose man over reindeer every time.
Similarly the spotted owl. I am no enemy of the owl. If it could be preserved at no or little cost, I would agree: the variety of nature is a good, a high aesthetic good. But it is no more than that. And sometimes aesthetic goods have to be sacrificed to the more fundamental ones. If the cost of preserving the spotted owl is the loss of livelihood for 30,000 logging families, I choose family over owl.
The important distinction is between those environmental goods that are fundamental and those that are merely aesthetic. Nature is our charge. It is not our master. It is to be respected and even cultivated. But it is man's world. And when man has to choose between his well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate.
Man should accommodate only when his fate and that of nature are bound up together. The most urgent accommodation must be made when the very integrity of man's environment — e.g., atmospheric ozone — is threatened. When the threat to man is of a lesser order (say, the pollutants from coal- and oil-fired generators that cause death from disease but not fatal damage to the ecosystem), a more moderate accommodation that balances economic against health concerns is in order. But in either case the principle is the same: protect the environment — because it is man's environment.
The sentimental environmentalists will call this saving nature with a totally wrong frame of mind. Exactly. A sensible — a humanistic — environmentalism does it not for nature's sake but for our own.
environmental
a. (自然)环境的
environment n.
sensitivity
n. 敏感(性)
belief
n. 信念，信仰;相信
democracy
n. 民主(制度)
conflicting
a. being in disagreement, collision, or opposition 不一致的，冲突的，矛盾的
conflict vi.
proposal
n. sth. proposed 提议，建议
restriction
n. sth. that restricts, such as a law or rule 限制;限制性规定
regulation
n. an official rule or order 规章;规定
in the name of
for the reason of; using the excuse of 以…为由，以…为借口，以…的名义
distinguish
v. recognize the difference (between) 区别，辨别
regardless
ad. in spite of everything; anyway 不顾一切地;无论如何
fundamental
a. of the basis or foundation of sth. 基本的，根本的
environmentalism
n. 环境保护论;环境论
combat
v. fight or struggle (against) (与…)斗争，战斗
ecological
a. of ecology 生态的;生态学的
atmosphere
n. 大气;气氛
ozone▲
n. 臭氧
layer
n. a single thickness of a material covering a surface 层
reduction
n. making or becoming less or smaller 减少
cancer
n. 癌，恶性肿瘤
cataract
n. 白内障
plankton
n. 浮游生物
reality
n. 现实;真实
speculative
a. 猜测性的，推测的
consequence
n. the result or effect of an action or condition 后果，结果
deadly
a. causing or able to cause fatal injury or serious damage 致命的，毁灭性的
melt
v. (cause a solid to) become liquid (使)融化，(使)熔化
urgent
a. calling for immediate attention 紧急的;急迫的
universal
a. 全世界的;普遍的，全体的
unashamedly
ad. without showing guilt or embarrassment 坦然地，满不在乎地
man-centered
a. 以人为中心的，只考虑人类的利益的
call for
require, demand 要求
on the grounds of/on…grounds
for reasons of 因为;以…为理由
self-preservation
n. 自我保护
sentimentalize
vt. treat or consider in a sentimental way 感情用事地对待(或看待)
creature
n. a living being, especially an animal 生物(尤指动物)
resistance
n. opposition 反对，反抗
voter
n. 投票者，(法定)选举人
vote
v. express one's choice in favour of (a person or political party) at an election 投票选举
snail darter
n. 蜗牛鱼(一种濒临绝种的很小的淡水鱼)
run/go against the grain (of sth. or to do sth.)
be contrary to one's inclination, desire, or feeling 与(…)格格不入;违反意愿(做某事)
contemporary
a. current; modern 当代的，现代的
worship
n., vt. 崇拜;崇敬
to the point of
to a degree that can be described as 达到…的程度
excess
n. more than the reasonable degree or amount 过节，无节制
organism
n. 生物体，有机体
spiritual
a. of the spirit as opposed to matter 精神的;非物质的
nothing more than
just the same as; only 无异于;只不过，仅仅
sentimental
a. 感情用事的;多愁善感的
selective
a. of or characterized by selection 选择的;有选择性的
Bengali
n., a. 孟加拉人(的);孟加拉语(的);孟加拉的
jungle
n. 杂乱无章的事物;(热带)丛林
current
a. occurring in or existing at the present time 当前的，现在的
debate
n. 辩论;争论
rage
vi. continue with great force; be intense 激烈地进行
wildlife
n. wild animals and vegetation, especially animals living in a natural state (总称)野生动物(尤指野生动物)
refuge▲
n. a place providing protection or shelter 庇护所;避难处
work one's way
manage to reach or go through; make efforts to attain one's goal 设法抵达(或获得通过);努力达到目标
congress
n. 国会;立法机关;代表大会
exploration
n. the act or an instance of exploring 勘查，探测;探索
conserve▲
vt. protect from loss or harm; preserve 保护;保存
either/or
a. 只能两者择其一的`
proposition▲
n. 提议;命题
consumption
n. the act of consuming; the amount consumed 消费(量)
come through
experience, survive or overcome (a difficulty, etc.) 经历;从(…中)活下来(或挺过来)
in part
to some extent; partly 在某种程度上;部分地
dependence
n. the state of being dependent 依靠，依赖
ridiculous
a. absurd 可笑的，荒谬的
sentimentalism
n. 感情用事;多愁善感，感伤主义
deny
vt. refuse to grant or allow 不给;不准
attainable
a. that can be reached or achieved 可达到的;可得到的
attain
vt. 达到;取得
disrupt▲
vt. throw into confusion or disorder 使陷于混乱;干扰
breeding ground
动物繁殖的地方
breed (bred)
v. bear, produce (young) (使)繁殖;产(后代)
reindeer
n. (单复同)驯鹿
Arctic
a., n. 北级(的)，北极圈(的)
mate
v. (使)交配
similarly
ad. in a similar way 同样地，相同地
owl▲
n. 猫头鹰
aesthetic▲
a. 美学的;美感的;美的
livelihood
n. a means of living 生计
logging
n. 伐木业
log
v. cut down, trim, and haul (timber) 砍伐;伐(木)
distinction
n. difference 区别，差别
charge
n. a person or thing committed to the care of another 被照管的人(或事物)
well-being
n. the state of being healthy, happy, or prosperous 幸福;福祉
accommodate▲
vi. adapt 适应新的情况;迁就
vt. 容纳，向…提供住处;协调
accommodation n.
fate
n. 命运，结局
bind (bound)
vt. tie or fasten; tie together 捆，绑;将…绑在一起
e.g. (abbr.)
for example 例如
atmospheric
a. of, relating to, or existing in the atmosphere 大气的
threat
n. 威胁
lesser
a. smaller in amount, value, or importance 较小的，更少的，次要的
pollutant
n. something that pollutes 污染物
generator
n. 发电机
fatal
a. causing death; bringing ruin 致命的;毁灭性的
ecosystem
n. 生态系统
moderate
a. not extreme; within sensible limits 适中的;适度的
concern
n. 有利害关系的事，关心的事，担扰
frame
n. state, condition; basic structure around which sth. is built 状态;框架，构架
frame of mind
mental attitude or outlook 心绪;心境
humanistic
a. of humanism or humanists 人本主义的，人文主义的
Charles Krauthammer
杰尔斯·克劳特哈默
Midwest
美国中西部
Lowa
(美国)爱荷华州
Albuquerque
阿尔伯克基(美国新墨西哥州城市)
Siberia
西伯利亚(俄罗斯一地区)
Gaia
(希神)盖亚(大地女神)
Protagoras
普罗泰戈拉 (c.481 — c.411 B.C.，古希腊哲学家)
Alaska
(美国)阿拉斯加州
1. Read aloud paragraphs 1-5 and learn them by heart.
2. Read aloud the following poem:
The Beauty of Nature
James Teh
One cool evening, I put aside all duty,
To sit alone, watching the sun set,
And as I do, I think of scenes filled with beauty,
Scenes I wish to never forget.
I think of the beach, with the sand and the sea,
The waves roaring up, then gently lapping the beach,
The cries of the seagulls, so happy, so free,
It only men realized the lesson it can teach.
I think of a lake, the crystal clear water,
So pure, so smooth, and cool on my skin,
The air, so clean, no toxic slaughter,
There's a key, a lesson held within.
I think of a waterfall, water freely flowing,
The gentle gush, gurgling in my ears,
The wind on my face, calmly blowing,
So many have not learnt in so many years.
The sunset, the beach, the lake, the waterfall,
They're things of nature, not man-made at all,
Characteristics unbeatable by man have they all,
They're peace and beauty, both of which it seems men want to fall.
3. Read the following quotations. Learn them by heart if you can. You might need to look up new words in a dictionary.
Complete adaptation to environment means death. The essential point in all response is the desire to control environment.
—— John Dewey
We won't have a society if we destroy the environment.
—— Margaret Mead
We make the world we live in and shape our own environment.
—— Orison Swett Marden
When man is happy, he is in harmony with himself and his environment.
—— Oscar Wilde
4.Read the following joke for fun:
Man: how many environmentalists does it take to change a light bulb?
Woman: Ten. One to install the new bulb and nine to figure out what to do with the discarded bulb for the next 10,000 years.
