Samantna523
be was/were been (be动词) do did done (助动词) speak spoke spoken (讲话) read read read (阅读) cut cut cut (切) cost cost cost (花费) go went gone (去,走) feel felt felt (感觉) dig dug dug (挖) overcome overcame overcome (克服) come came come (来) write wrote written (写) get got gotten (自己查一下,这个词要看用在那里了) see saw seen (看) spend spent spent (花费) put put put (放下) find fought fought (找，查明) deal dealt dealt (分配) bend bent bent (使…变曲) fight fought fought (搏斗，奋斗) keep kept kept (留下，保留，继续) lay laid lain (放置，躺下，保留) lend lent lent (借出，借给) lose lost lost(失去，丧失) sit sat sat (坐，就坐) sleep slept slept(睡觉，睡着) 英语不规则动词表 Infinitive Past Tense Past Participle 不定式过去式 过去分词 abide abode,abided abode,abided arise arose arisen awake awoke,awaked awoken,awaked be(am,is,are) was;were been bear bore borne,born beat beat beaten become became become befall befell befallen beget begot begotten,begot begin began begun behold beheld beheld bend bent bent bereave bereaved,bereft bereaved,bereft beseech besought,beseeched besought,beseeched beset beset beset bespeak bespoke bespoken,bespoke bespread bespread bespread bestrew bestrewed bestrewn,bestrewed bestride bestrode,bestrid bestridden,bestrid bet bet,betted bet,betted betake betook betaken bethink bethought bethought bid bade,bid bidden,bid bide bode,bided bided bind bound bound bite bit bitten,bit bleed bled bled blend blended,blent blended,blent bless blessed,blest blessed,blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast,broadcasted broadcast,broadcasted browbeat browbeat browbeaten build built built burn burnt,burned burnt,burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught chide chid,chided chid,chidden,chided choose chose chosen cleave cleaved,cleft,clove cleaved,cleft,cloven cleave cleaved,clave cleaved cling clung clung clothe clothed,clad clothed,clad come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept crow crowed,crew crowed cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dispread dispread dispread do did done draw drew drawn dream dreamed,dreamt dreamed,dreamt drink drank drunk drive drove driven dwell dwelt,dwelled dwelt,dwelled eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbear forbore forborne forbid forbade,forbad forbidden,forbid fordo fordid fordone forecast forecast,forecasted forecast,forecasted forego forewent foregone foreknow foreknew foreknown forerun foreran forerun foresee foresaw foreseen foreshow foreshowed foreshown foretell foretold foretold forget forgot forgotten,forgot forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken forswear forswore forsworn freeze froze frozen gainsay gainsaid gainsaid get got got,gotten gild gilded,gilt gilded,gilt gird girded,girt girded,girt give gave given go went gone grave graved graven,graved grind ground ground grow grew grown hamstring hamstrung,hamstringed hamstrung,hamstringed hang hung,hanged hung,hanged have(has) had had hear heard heard heave heaved,hove heaved,hove hew hewed hewn,hewed hide hid hidden,hid hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt inlay inlaid inlaid keep kept kept kneel knelt,kneeled knelt,kneeled knit knitted,knit knitted,knit know knew known lade laded laded,laden lay laid laid lead led led lean leaned,leant leaned,leant leap leapt,leaped leapt,leaped learn learned,learnt learned,learnt leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie lay lain light lit,lighted lit,lighted lose lost lost make made made mean meant meant meet met met melt melted melted,molten misdeal misdealt misdealt misgive misgave misgiven mislay mislaid mislaid mislead misled misled mistake mistook mistaken misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood mow mowed mowed,mown outbid outbid outbid,outbidden outbreed outbred outbred outdo outdid outdone outdraw outdrew outdrawn outgo outwent outgone outgrow outgrew outgrown outlay outlaid outlaid outride outrode outridden outrun outran outrun outsell outsold outsold outshine outshone outshone outshoot outshot outshot outsit outsat outsat outspend outspent outspent outspread outspread outspread outwear outwore outworn overbear overbore overborne overbid overbid overbidden,overbid overblow overblew overblown overbuild overbuilt overbuilt overbuy overbought overbought overcast overcast overcast overcome overcame overcome overdo overdid overdone overdraw overdrew overdrawn overdrive overdrove overdriven overeat overate overeaten overfeed overfed overfed overfly overflew overflown overgrow overgrew overgrown overhang overhung overhung overhear overheard overheard overlay overlaid overlaid overleap overleapt,overleaped overleapt,overleaped overlie overlay overlain overpay overpaid overpaid override overrode overridden overrun overran overrun oversee oversaw overseen oversell oversold oversold overset overset overset oversew oversewed oversewed,oversewn overshoot overshot overshot oversleep overslept overslept overspend overspent overspent overspread overspread overspread overtake overtook overtaken overthrow overthrew overthrown overwind overwound overwound overwrite overwrote overwritten partake partook partaken pay paid paid precast precast precast prove proved proved,proven put put put quit quitted,quit quitted,quit read read[red] read[red] reave reaved,reft reaved,reft rebuild rebuilt rebuilt recast recast recast reeve rove,reeved rove,reeved relay relaid relaid rend rent rent repay repaid repaid reset reset reset retell retold retold rid rid,ridded rid,ridded ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen rive rived riven,rived run ran run saw sawed sawn,sawed say said said see saw seen seek sought sought sell sold sold send sent sent set set set sew sewed sewn,sewed shake shook shaken shave shaved shaved,shaven shear sheared shorn,sheared shed shed shed shine shone shone shoe shod,shoed shod,shoed,shodden shoot shot shot show showed shown,showed shred shredded,shred shredded,shred shrink shrank,shrunk shrunk,shrunken shrive shrove,shrived shriven,shrived shut shut shut sing sang,sung sung sink sank,sunk sunk,sunken sit sat sat slay slew slain sleep slept slept slide slid slid,slidden sling slung slung slink slunk slunk slit slit slit smell smelt,smelled smelt,smelled smite smote smitten,smote sow sowed sown,sowed speak spoke spoken speed sped,speeded sped,speeded spell spelt,spelled spelt,spelled spend spent spent spill spilt,spilled spilt,spilled spin spun spun spit spat,spit spat,spit split split split spoil spoilt,spoiled spoilt,spoiled spread spread spread spring sprang,sprung sprung stand stood stood stave staved,stove staved,stove steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank,stunk stunk strew strewed strewn,strewed stride strode stridden,strid strike struck struck,stricken string strung strung strive strove,strived striven,strived swear swore sworn sweat sweat,sweated sweat,sweated sweep swept swept swell swelled swollen,swelled swim swam swum swing swung swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think thought thought thrive throve,thrived thriven,thrived throw threw thrown thrust thrust thrust tread trod trodden,trod unbend unbent unbent unbind unbound unbound unbuild unbuilt unbuilt underbid underbid underbidden,underbid underbuy underbought underbought undercut undercut undercut underfeed underfed underfed undergo underwent undergone underlay underlaid underlaid underlet underlet underlet underlie underlay underlain underpay underpaid underpaid underrun underran underrun undersell undersold undersold underset underset underset undershoot undershot undershot understand understood understood undertake undertook undertaken underwrite underwrote underwritten undo undid undone undraw undrew undrawn unfreeze unfroze unfrozen ungird ungirded,ungirt ungirded,ungirt unhang unhung unhung unknit unknitted,unknit unknitted,unknit unlade unladed unladed,unladen unlay unlaid unlaid unlearn unlearnt,unlearned unlearnt,unlearned unmake unmade unmade unreeve unrove,unreeved unrove,unreeved unsay unsaid unsaid unset unset unset unsling unslung unslung unstick unstuck unstuck unstring unstrung unstrung unswear unswore unsworn unteach untaught untaught unthink unthought unthought untread untrod untrodden,untrod unweave unwove unwoven unwind unwound unwound upbuild upbuilt upbuilt uphold upheld upheld uppercut uppercut uppercut uprise uprose uprisen upset upset upset upsweep upswept upswept upswing upswung upswung wake waked,woke waked,woken,woke waylay waylaid waylaid wear wore worn weave wove woven wed wedded,wed wedded,wed weep wept wept wet wetted,wet wetted,wet win won won wind winded,wound winded,wound wit(wot) wist wist withdraw withdrew withdrawn withhold withheld withheld withstand withstood withstood work worked,wrought worked,wrought wring wrung wrung write wrote written
洛雪吟风
distribute over
英文发音：[dɪˈstrɪbjuːt ˈəʊvə(r)]
中文释义：把……分配给……
例句：
It's unreasonable to distribute it over the downlink and uplink channels symmetrically.
将其对称分配给上、下行物理信道更是不合理的。
词汇解析：
distribute
英文发音：[dɪˈstrɪbjuːt]
中文释义：v.分发;分配;分销;使散开;使分布;分散
词形：
第三人称单数： distributes
现在分词： distributing
过去式： distributed
分词： distributed
例句：
There are just as many volunteers, who collect and distribute donations of food and clothing.
有许多志愿者，他们收集和分配捐献的食品和衣服。
扩展资料
distribute的用法：
1、distribute的基本意思是“分散,分发,分类”,指将某物分成数份并配给适当的人或单位,也可指将其均衡地分散在某一地区。
2、distribute宾语一般为复数名词或代词,谓语动词可用主动式,但更多的是用被动式。
3、distribute宾语后常可根据句意而搭用介词to或among,不论用to或among,分发对象都不能是某一个人而应是一批人。
4、distribute作“散播”解时,后可接seed等作宾语。
vera911213
1 practise doing 练习做某事2 enjoy doing 喜欢做某事3 finish doing 完成,结束做某事4 mind doing 介意做某事5 avoid doing 避免做某事6 keepdoing sth.一直做某事keep sbdoing 使某人一直做某事keep sb. from doing sth=stop/ prevent sb.（from）doing sth. 阻止某人做某事7 can’t help doing 忍不住做某事8 miss doing 想念/ 错过做某事9 have fun doing 做某事感到快乐,有趣10 protect sb. from doing sth.保护某人免受…… (2) 介词+Ving介词后碰到动词一概加ing .(at,in,for, of,to, about, by/after/before ,from against)1 be good at /do well in擅长于做某事2 be busy (in) doing 忙于做某事3 find great pleasure in4 be interested in5 spend+时间/钱(in) doing sth. 花…做某事6 be helpful in/for7 lose oneself in8 have problem/difficulty/trouble(in) doing 做某事感到有困难9 be sorry for10 use sth for/ be usedfor doing11 thank you for谢谢做某事a ticket for doing …的罚单It’s +time+for sb. for (doing) sth.该是某人做某事的时候了12 think of /aboutdoing 考虑做某事13 instead of doing14 be afraid of害怕做某事(比较be afraid to do sth.害怕去做某事)15 be fond of/ be proud of16 be/get used to doing17 pay attention to注意做某事18 say no to/19 prefer doing to doing/look forward to (盼望做某事)20 what/ how aboutdoing 做某事怎么样？21 keep away from远离做某事22 prevent /stop sb (from) doing 阻止做某事23 warn sb against doing24 give up doing 放弃做某事25 feel like doing 想要做某事=want to do/ would like to do sth.26 there be +sb/sthdoing +地点/时间某地/某时间有某人/某事正在做某事27 by doing 通过做某事28 when/after/before doing在做某事时/后/前29 伴随状语e.g. He is lying on the grass,looking at the sky.30 动词当主语用doing sth. e.g. Getting up early is good for your health.31 go doing 去做某事 do some doing32 consider doing 考虑做某事33 drop up doing 放弃做某事34 carry on doing 坚持不懈做某事35 excuse doing 借口做某事36 complete doing 完成做某事37 suggest doing 建议做某事38 imagine doing想象做某事39 can’t stand doing40 be worth doing 值得去做某事只加to的情况:1 V +疑问词+ to do ( V这类动词主要有: find out \ know \ wonder\ tell \ ask \ show \ see \ say \understand（充当主语或宾语）I don’t know what to do./how to do it. (宾语)2（1）It’s + adj. +for sb. to do sth.做某事对某人来说真是……hthy（2）It’s + adj.（clever/ stupid/kind/nice）+of sb. to do sth.某人做某事真是……3 (1) It’s+time+（for sb）. to do sth.该是某人做某事的时候了=It’s +time+for sb. for (doing)sth.该是某人做某事的时候了(2) It’s the best time/a good season/place to do/fordoing sth.是做某事的最好时间/季节/地点（3）sth is the best time to do sth …是做某事的最好时间4 It’s one’s duty to do5 It is one’s turn + to do6 it takes sb some time to do 花某人多少时间做某事 It costs sb. some money to do sth.花某人多少钱做某事7 be+ adj（glad/happy/pleased/sorry）+ + to do做某事很8 be/get ready to do9 beable to do sth.能够做某事10 be + adj.+enough+ to do sth.足够…….去做某事He is not old enough to go toschool.11 be the first /last to do12 be used + to do13 be afraid to do14 be sure to do14 do/try one’s best to do15 refuse + to do16 makeup one’s mind /decide + to do sth.决定做某事decide on sth.决定某事17 offer + to do18 afford + to do. afford to do付得起做某事，能够做某事19 have + to do不得不做某事/ have…..to do20 use sth to do21 plan/ make a plan to do22 ask/tell sb + (not) to do23 would like/ want(sb) + to do24 manage to do设法做某事25 used + to do = would do26 take turns to do轮流做某事27 wish (sb) + to do/hope + to do28 get sb. to do sth.叫/让某人做某事29 fail + to do30 advisesb + to do建议某人做某事31 encourage sb+ to do32 take the place of sb todo33 invite sb + to do34 agree(sb) + to do同意(某人)做某事35 happen + to do36 order sb to do37 teach sb + to do教某人做某事38 find/think it + adj (for sb ) + to do发现/认为做某事……39 can’t wait + to do40 cause + to do41 seem to do似乎……42 warn sb (not) to do43 lead sb to do44 too+adj +(for sb) to do太……以致不能……45 不定代词n /+ to do46 agood way/time/season to do47 needto do sth 需要做某事（比较need do sth.）48use sth. to do sth.用某物做某事49 go/come to do sth.去/来做某事50can’t wait to do sth.迫不及待做某事51to do充当主语，表语，定语，目的状语等52learn to do sth.学习做某事53be about + to do54 trouble + to do55 deserve + to do56 allow/permit + to do57 be made + to do动词 + to 与 + Ving 的区别1 like / love to do 表示一次性,或具体的某一次活动like / love doing 表示习惯性喜欢＝爱好2 hate to do (表示一次性讨厌,具体的某一次讨厌.)hate doing (表示习惯性讨厌)3 remember to do (表示记得要做某事------事情未发生)remember doing (表示记得曾经做过某事------事情已发生)4 forget to do (表示忘记要做某事------事情未发生)forget doing (表示忘记曾经做过某事------事情已发生)5 go on/continue todo (继续做不同的另一件事)go on/ continuedoing (继续做相同的一件事)6 try to do (努力,尽力,试图做某事)try doing (试一试,尝试做某事------不注重结果)7 mean to do (打算做某事)mean doing (意味着做某事)8 stop to do (停下来去做另一件事)stop doing (停止做原来一直在做的事情)9 begin / start to do (强调动作的开始)begin /start doing (强调动作开始以后要继续下去)10 need to do (需要做某事-------强调主动,主语一般是人)need doing (需要做某事-------强调被动,主语一般是物)11感官动词see/hear/watch/notice sb + V(原形)表示动作已经完成或过去或全过程. see/hear/watch/notice sb+ doing 表动作正在发生12be used + to do be used + to doingused to do13 learn + to do/ doing14 prefer + to do/doing15 can’t help to/doing16 want to do (要做某事-------强调主动,主语一般是人)want doing (要做某事--------强调被动,主语一般是物)17 nice to do/ doing sth.很高兴做某事/做过某事18(help sb. to do sth.
爱林公主
e picture that day as far in the future. When we are in buoyant health, death is all bu
李晓锦Baby
一、什么是动词动词是用来表示主语做什么（即行为动词），或表示主语是什么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词，例如：The boy runs fast.（这个男孩跑得快。）runs表示主语的行为He is a boy.（他是个男孩。）is与后面的表语a boy表示主语的状态二、动词的分类动词可以按照含义及它们在句中的作用分成四类，即行为动词（也称实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。（一）行为动词行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。例如：I live in Beijing with my mother.（我和我妈妈住在北京。）live，住It has a round face.（它有一张圆脸。）has，有（二）连系动词连系动词是表示主语“是什么”或“怎么样”的词，它虽有词义，但不完整，所以不能单独作谓语，必须跟表语一起构成合成谓语，例如：We are in Grade Two this year.（今年我们在两年级。）are，是are 这个词的词义“是”在句子中常常不译出。连系动词可具体分为三类：1、表示“是”的动词be。这个词在不同的主语后面和不同的时态中有不同的形式，is，am，are，was，were，have/has been等要特别予以注意。例如：He is a teacher.（他是个教师。）He was a soldier two years ago.（两年前他是个士兵。）We are Chinese.（我们是中国人。）2、表示“感觉”的词，如look（看起来），feel（觉得，摸起来），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来）等，例如：She looked tired.（她看一去很疲劳。）I feel ill.（我觉得不舒服。）Cotton feels soft.（棉花摸起来很软。）The story sounds interesting.（这个故事听起来很有趣。）The flowers smell sweet.（这些花闻起来很香。）The mixture tasted horrible.（这药水太难喝了。）3、表示“变”、“变成”的意思的词，如become, get, grow, turn, 都解释为“变”、“变得”，例如：She became a college student.（她成了一名大学生。）He feels sick. His face turns white.（他感到不舒服，他的脸色变苍白了。）The weather gets warmer and the days get longer when spring comes.（春天来了，天气变得暖和些了，白天也变得较长些了。）He grew old.（他老了。）[难点解释]注意区别以下一些动词的用法，它们既可以作为行为动词，又可以作为连系动词。1、look看；看起来He is looking at the picture.（他正在看这图片。）行为动词It looks beautiful.（它看上去很美丽。）连系动词2、fell摸；感觉1）I felt someone touch my arm.（我感到有人碰我的手臂。）行为动词Are you felling better today than before?（你今天比以前感到好些了吗？）连系动词3、smell嗅；闻起来My little brother likes to smell the apple before he eats it.（我的小弟弟喜欢在吃苹果前闻一闻。）行为动词Great! The flowers smell nice.（这些花闻起来多香啊！）连系动词4、sound弄响，发音；听起来The letter “h” in hour is not sounded.（在hour这个词中字母h是不发音的。）行为动词The gun sounded much closer.（枪声听起来更近了。）连系动词5、taste辨味；尝起来Please taste the soup.（请尝一口汤。）行为动词The soup tastes terrible.（这汤尝起来味道太差了。）连系动词6、get得到，获得；变There are some bananas on the table. Each of you can get one.（桌上有些香蕉，你们每个人可以拿一个。）行为动词7、grow生长，种植；变Do you grow rice in your country?（你们的国家种水稻吗？）行为动词It’s too late. It’s growing dark.（太迟了，天渐渐变暗了。）连系动词8、turn转动，翻动，使变得；变The earth turns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）行为动词When spring comes, the trees turn green and the flowers come out.（春天来了，树叶变经绿了，花儿开了。）连系动词上述句子中的动词如grow、get、turn等，既可以作连系动词，又可以作行为动词。如何来辨别它们呢？有一个最简便的方法，即用连系动词be替换句子中的这些动词，句子仍然成立就是连系动词；反之，不能替换的，就是行为动词。例如：The trees turn/are green when spring comes.（春天来临，树叶变绿。）The earth rurns around the sun.（地球绕着太阳转。）这第二句句子中的turn是行为动词，意为“转动”。无法以is替换。（三）助动词这类词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能与主要动词一起构成谓语，表示不同的时态、语态、表示句子的否定和疑问，例如：He does not speak English well.（他英语讲得不好。）句中的does是助动词，既表示一般现在时，又与not一起构成否定形式。A dog is running after a cat.（一条狗正在追逐一只猫。）句中的is 是助动词，和run的现在分词一起构成现在进行时。Did he have any milk and bread for his breakfast ?（他早餐喝牛奶、吃面包吗？）句中的did是助动词，既表示一般过去时，又和动词have一起构成疑问。（四）情态动词这类词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，如“可能”、“应当”等。这类动词有can, may, must, need, dare, could, might等。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词（原形）一起作谓语，表示完整的意思，例如：I can dance.（我会跳舞。）can, 能, 会He can’t walk because he is a baby.（因为他是个婴儿，不会走路。）can’t, 不必May I come in？（我可以进来吗？）may, 可以第二节 及物动词与不及物动词行为动词（即实义动词）按其是否需要宾语，可以分为及物动词和不及物动词。一、及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整，例如：Give me some ink, please.（请给我一些墨水。）If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.（如果你们有问题，你们可以举手，。）二、不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。例如：He works hard.（他工作努力。）Jack jruns faster than Mike.（杰克跑步比迈克要快些。）Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.（请看黑板，听我说。）He got and “A” this time because he went over his lessons carefully.（这次他得了个“A”，因为他仔细地复习了功课。）[难点解释]1、许多动词可用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，他阅读中必须仔细体会和区别，例如：Who is going to speak at the meeting?（谁打算在会上发言？）speak, 不及物动词Few people outside China speak Chinese.（在中国外很少人讲汉语。）speak,及物动词2、要特别注意有些动词英汉之间的差异。某些词在英语中是不及物的，而在汉语中却是及物的。有时则相反。例如：He is waiting for you.（他在等你。）英语wait为不及物动词，汉语“等”为及物动词。Serve the people.（为人民服务。）英语serve为及物动词，汉语“服务”为不及物动词。 Exercise 1指出下列各句中划线部分是什么动词，并说明词义，例如：All of us study hard.（vi. 学习）1、He began to work at seven this morning.（ ）2、I have left the key at home.（ ）3、We must take the old woman to the hospital at once.（ ）4、Billy felt very sad when he heard the bad news.（ ）5、Think it over, and you will have a good idea.（ ）6、Don’t think of yourself；think of others.（ ）7、We are college students now, but we were at the factory two years ago.（ ）8、Mr. Black got angry when he saw Jenny come to school late again.（ ）9、Please wash your hands before each meal.（ ）10、Li Ming often works for the wall-newspaper after school.（ ） Exercise 2区别下列多组句子中的动作，指出下列划线动词是连系动词还是行为动词，并写出词义：1、She looks well.（ ） She tried to look at the blackboard but waw nothing.（ ）2、The students felt unhappy.（ ） I felt someone touch my back.（ ）3、It was snowing hard when he got to the city.（ ） It’s too late. It’s getting darker and darker.（ ）4、The teacher asked the student to turn it over.（ ） The leaves of the trees turn green when sping comes.（ ）5、The young trees grow fast.（ ） It began to grow dark.（ ）6、The bell sounded at 12 o’clock for lunch.（ ） The music sounds nice.（ ）第三节 持续动词与瞬间动词英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分，使用中应注意两者的区别。一、持续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。二、瞬间性动词表示一个动作发生在一瞬间，非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。三、用法1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束，例如：He has studied English for three years.（他学英语已有3年了。）He has joined the Party.（他已入党了。）Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.（妈妈不在家，她去图书馆了。）2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，而瞬间性动词则不能。例如：His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.（他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。）My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.（我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。）My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.（我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。）3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法： （1）用意思相当的持续性动词来替换，例如：He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.（他参军已有3年了。）不能用has joinedShe has been up for quite some time.（她起床已有好久了。）不能用has got up Has your brother been away from home for a long time?（你哥哥离家已有好久了吗？）不能用has left常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下：1、go——be away 2、come——be here3、come back——be back 4、leave——be away（be not here）5、buy——have 6、borrow——keep7、die——be dead 8、begin——be on9、finish——be over 10、open——be open11、close——be closed 12、lose——be lost13、get to know——know 14、turn on——be on15、get up——be up 16、sit down——sit/be seated17、join——be in（…）或be a…member18、become——be （2）用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词，例如：电影已经开映5分钟了。（两种方法）The film has been on for five minutes.It’s five minutes since the film began.他离开上海已有3天了。（两种方法）He has been away from Shanghai for three days.It is three days since he left Shanghai.这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。（一种方法）It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.他找到他妹妹已有多久了？（一种方法）How long is it since be found his sister?4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用，例如：I haven’t seen you for a long time.（好久没见到你了。） [补充说明]1、本书基本上已把初中课本中的持续动词与瞬间性动词罗列出来，可供教师参考使用。2、关于持续性动词与瞬间性动词的用法，可以结合现在完成时的教学一起进行。 Exercise 3一、选择正确的答案：1、Alice has (come, been) back for a week.2、His grandmother has (been dead, died) for ten years.3、When we got to the cinema, the film had (begun, been on) for a few minutes.4、The lights have (turned on, been on) for over half a day.5、Have you (bought, had) the book on grammar for a week? Yes, since last Sunday.二、用since和for翻译下列句子：1、这本书我已借了两周了。2、她离开这儿有5分钟了吗？3、我弟弟入团已有半年多了。4、Joan来到我校已有两个月了。5、他们相识有很长一段时间了。第四节 情态动词在本章第(一)节里我们已学过的动词分为行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词四类。这一节要着重学习情态动词的特点及其用法。初中阶段要学习和掌握的情态动词主要有can/could, may/might, must这几个最为常用的词，当然还需要了解学习need, dare等情态动词。一、情态动词的主要特征试比较下列几组句子，看情态动词的特点：1、He borrows some books from the library.（他常从图书馆借些书。） He can borrow some books from the library.（他可以从图书馆借到一些书。）can, 可以2、I run fast.（我跑得快。） I can’t run fast（我跑得不快。）can’t, 不会，不能3、Must he go now?（他必须现在走吗？）must, 必须 Did he go last night?（他昨晚去了吗？）4、They may be there.（他们可能在那儿。）may, 可能 They weren’t there.（他们不在那儿。）从上述四组句子中，可以看出以下几个特点：1、can、may、must都有各自的词义，表示能力、可能、允诺、愿意、请求等情态，因词义不完全，不能单独作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。2、情态动词没有人称和数的变化。构成疑问句时，通常放在主语前面（见例3）；构成否定句时，not放在这些情态动词之后（见例2）。可用它们的缩写形式（can’t, cannot, mustn’t等）。二、主要用法下面四幅图简单地说明了can, may及must的用法。前两幅中的两列火车说明了can和may这两个情态动词的用法。后两幅分别说明must在不同的场合中的不同词义，分别可以表示“必须”（must do）、“一定”和“准是”（must be）的意思。[补充说明]1、用have to表示客观上的需要，意为“不得不”、“只是”；must则表示主观上的必须和说话人的意志，在间接引语中过去时也常用must。2、有些时态用must无法表示，可用have to代替，如will have to（表示将来），had to（表示过去）。3、can只有现在时和过去时，其他时态要用be able to。三、具体用法 （一）can, could和be able to 1、表示能力，例如：I can speak a little Japanese.（我会说一点儿日语。）She couldn’t speak Chinese when she came to our school last month.（上月她来我校时还不会说中文。）Be able to代替can, 也可以表示能力。但can只有一般现在时和一般过去时(could), 而be able to则有更多的时态形式，例如：You will be able to talk with the foreign teacher in English next week.（下星期你将能与外国老师用英语交谈了。）My little brother has been able to write.（我的小弟弟已会写字了。）2、表示允许，准许，这时can与may可以互换，例如：Can/May I brother your bike tomorrow?Yes, of course. You can/may use my bike tomorrow.（明天我可以借你的自行车吗？当然可以。明天你可以用我的自行车。）You can’t smoke here.（你不可以在这儿抽烟。）3、表示客观可能性，用在否定句和疑问句中表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如：He cannot/can’t be there.（他不可能在那儿。）Can this news be true?（这消息可能直实吗？）4、could除表示can的过去式外，在口语中还常代替can，表示非常委婉的请求。这时could和can没有时间上的差别。例如：Could/Can you tell me if he will go tomorrow?（你能告诉我他明天是否去吗？）Could/Can I ask you something if you are not busy?（如果您不太忙，我能否问您一些事情？）Could/Can you show me the way to the nearest hospital?（您能给我指一下去最近的医院的路吗？） （二）may和might1、表示“准许”和“许可”，这时可与can替换。例如：May (can) I use your dictionary for a moment?（我可以借你的字典用一下吗？）May I take these magazines out of the reading room? No, you mustn’t.（我可以把这些杂志带出览室吗？不，不行。）He asked me if he might go then.（他问我他是否可以走了。）2、表示说话人的猜测，认为某事“可能”发生，例如：Where’s John? He may be at the library.（约翰在哪儿？他可能在图书馆。）Mr. Green hasn’t talked with her. He may not know her.（格林先生还未曾与她谈过话，他可能不认识她。）以上例子中的may be是情态动词may加be, 与maybe完全不同。后者是副词，解释为“或话”。例如：He may be at home.（他可能在家。）Maybe he was at home.（或许他在家。）3、might除表示may的过去式外，在口语中还常代替may, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小。这时might和may没有时间上的差异。例如：Might (May) I speak to you for a few minutes?（我现在可以与你谈几分钟话吗？）Might I have a photo of your family?（我可以要一张你们的合家照吗？）4、用于从句中表示目的，意为“以便能……”、“使……可以”，例如：Open your mouth wide, so that I may see clearly what’s wrong with your teeth.（把嘴张大些，以便我能看清楚你的牙齿有什么毛病。）He wrote down my address so that he might remember it well.（他把我的住址写了下来，以便能记牢。）5、在用may提问时，否定回答常用mustn’t或may not表示“不行”、“不可以”。例如：May I go now? No, you mustn’t. （我可以走了吗？不，不可以。） （三）must1、must表示说话人的主观意志，表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形。例如：I must go to school today.（今天我必须上学去。）He told me I mustn’t leave until my mother came.（他告诉我，在我母亲回来之前我不许离开。）2、must表示推测，“一定是”、“准是”，例如：They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.（他们一定是非常疲劳了。让他们休息一会儿吧。）Jack doesn’t look well. He must be ill.（杰克看上去气色不太好。他一定是病了。） [难点解释]1、have to表示“必须”、“不得不”，它不仅能代替must, 用于现在时和过去时以外的其他时态，表示说话人的主观看法，而且又表示客观上的需要。2、在回答must的疑问句时，否定回答常用needn’t表示“不必”，例如：Must I return this book to you in two weeks?（这本书我两星期以后必须还你吗？）Yes, you must.（是的。）No, you needn’t.（不，不必了。） （四）need和dareneed（需要）和dare（敢于）既可作情态动词，又可作行为动词。1、need和dare作情态动词时，只用于否定句或疑问句。need无形态变化，dare的过去式是dared。Need I post your books to you?（要我把书寄给你吗？）How dare you say it’s unfair?（你怎么胆敢说这不公平呢？）She dare not go out alone at night.（她晚上不敢一个人出去。）2、need和dare作及物动词时，后常跟动词不定式。它们有人称、数和时态等形态变化。在构成否定和疑问形式时与其他及物动词一样，要用助动词do, does或did等。 （五）ought to和shouldought to和should作情态度动词用，都是“应该”、“应当”的意思。ought to语气较强，指客观上有责任、有义务去做某事，或按观念和道理也应对某事负责。Should指主观上认为有责任和义务去做，但语意不如ought to强。 （六）相当于情态动词的几个固定词组在初中课本上还有以下固定词组，也起着与情态动词一样的作用：had better…（最好……），Shall I（we）…？（我/我们可以这样做吗？）would like（非常想），Will/Would you (please)…？（请你……吗？）used to（过去常常）。
