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gavin70606

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Having goosebumps eachItalian second fiddle, rumba, area. Located in the Po valley, the Alps northwest area. Population 158.1 million (1982). Founded in the 4th century. The west Roman empire for 395 capital. In 1162 in caerphilly, and with the holy Roman empire twice in the war, urban almost all destroyed. In 1796 by napoleon occupied, built for milan republic capital. In 1859 into the kingdom of Italy. The nation's largest commercial and financial center. A car, motorcycle, airplane, electrical appliances, railway equipment, metal manufacturing, textile, clothing, chemical, food industry etc. Railway, highway project. Through the Po tributaries are canal river and the fellowship's Tim, river. Milan cathedral is one of Europe's biggest gothic architecture, was one of the marble in 1386. And the famous art palace, pull, Carla theatre and the museum, etc.Milan is located in south east of Venice, the Alps, west, south, Genoa in Turin is north of lake como is. Milan is Italy's second-largest city, the most important economic centre, have "economic capital," said.Milan was founded in April, the first century park before the second world war, serious damage, during the postwar reconstruction. Downtown club grimmauld square, the gothic church stands, Mozart was one of Europe's most famous one of three cathedral. A group of north square buildings, says victor arch? Essien's manu, the "ten arcade" glyph, 200 meters wide, 100 meters, built in 1887. The glass cover on top, the ground USES marble slabs. Here is the most flourishing region, milan, each class store concentrate on that. The lights on the most popular, it said essien manucho gholam night gallery. This is the biggest north Italian opera, opera. It is one of the world's land, longing actor "opera mecca". At present, China's Shanghai with milan has sister city knot.Climate: warm, dry seasons distinct, summer and winter rain. Therefore, in spite of the high temperature of summer in the shade, but again and indoor but cool, even feel some cold at night.Attractions: Carla theatres, churches, Santa maria gratitude, bishop of milan cathedral, science and technology museum, galleries.Specific introduction:Milan, Italy (Milano) having goosebumps each the leading Italian: economic and industrial modern city, now already is one of Europe's most impressive cities, The 14th century Italy in the main building construction essence, full centre for the small and beautiful new vision of graceful mist and fantasy, showing romantic tender feelings and human longing for the future. Milan in Europe and north and south of the kind of thing, and in the fertile plains provides with the urban developing economic elements.History: milan in southern Alps, the Po valley. In 600 years before the celtics in milan areas around. Before the Roman republic in 222 occupation. Gradually become Italy trade city, the 3rd century BC, Roman emperor, and formal delimit property became the Christian promotion center in western civilization, is the important region started. In the 4th century, in the holy ambrose doing here bishops and theodosius for the Roman emperor, milan have short time become the capital of the Roman empire, then milan is Europe's second-largest city, about 30 million inhabitants.In short, ZhaLiDaDi once in 774 conquer milan. 962 until the year in milan before returning to Italy. The 11th century to regain its importance when milan, Italy in other cities, the leader of the holy Roman empire from actually won independence. The plague epidemic 1349 years without involving milan, but 1402 years (50,000 deaths), 1542 (80,000 people died in 1576), (about 17,000 people dead and kills years (70,000 killed the plague was) left a deep wound.In the period of up to 1,500 1450, milan on art become a Renaissance of the town. Leonardo Da Vinci and Nebraska Montenegro had in this work. When milan tried to unification, but did not succeed in northern Italy. The 15th century French occupation, milan were occupied the early 16th century Spain.The 18th century Austria replace Spain ruler of milan. Early 1800, napoleon was founded in northern Italy short Cisalpine republic, with milan for capital, after the republic becomes napoleon was crowned the kingdom of Italy. Then milan again into Austria under the rule of the kingdom of Venice rumba. It is a center of nationalism movement.In 1859 milan were included in Virginia, Austria SaDing kingdom end SaDing 1861, the kingdom of Italy instead of California kingdom.Because milan is an important industrial centers in Italy, it in the second world war by carpet bombing. Even in Peter, and many goleo 1943 surrendered after allied bombardment by milan. Milan are in fact benito Mussolini's puppet regime Italian society in Italy and the republic of the headquarters of German. When on April 25th Italy at the end of the war, milan are serious damage, many urban completely destroyed. Post-war reconstruction, again become milan, Italy's vital financial and industrial centre.MingJie shopsA. rachmat Iraq Manuel ii Ⅱ Vittorio Emanuele Galleria arcadeThis is a shopping mall, but the luxuriant shopping value worth more than sightseeing. But the black-and-white Prada boutiques, scale and window layout is one of milan, especially Windows update, the light is decorated in the window and stood outside the nicety of appreciation.B. ask NaPoLunJie Via Monte Napoleone graceIn this street light, and there is every Gucci Prada 2 ~ 3, other brands such as achieve miraculous Fendi repeatedly, Giorgio Armani, Vuitton, depend Moschino, Gianni Versace surrounds. The famous brand such as the benchmark Chanel, Hermes, French, German, Escada is spun Kenzo Aigner.C. horse dike Europe Croso avenue (G.M atteotti)Here sell intermediate commodity prices cheaper, but there are many Magli Bruno, such as Mara Max Marella, Italy, etc. Other than the civilian Benetton, Max & Co. Sisly, Stefanel Furla monopoly, and various naraCAMICE coat, the Replay is cowboy series Diesel, all in this street.Shopping informationA. shop hours: general operating time for 9-13:00, large ~), on Sunday and Monday morning general holidays.B. tax refund method: tourists in the same shops with 30 million lire, consumption tax, can apply for to deal with different commodity, depending on the proportion of tax in 11-14.C. tax refund formalities: please fill in business tax rebates. Before entering the departure to the customs inspection items, and purchased in the stamp tax rebates for approval. With tax rebates on the customs within the refund counter. Can refund cash, also can save time will tax rebates to undertake in into the envelope, tax payment into the company, in the credit card account.D. summer and winter season: discount generally have a discount, time is about to early July and August in late January and early, late February ~ merchandise about can play 5 ~ 7 fold, senior brand shop have a big part of auction.Milan nightlifeItalian nightlife follow the American and British model. There are many clubs and discos, young people in these places to music, dance, chat. Because this kind of place replace rate is high, which may be closed or several months, the details please check recently local newspaper. In recent years, milan and FeiLengCui is the hottest night carnival in milan with local rock, and disco.The Plastic, by record show host Nicola KuiDuJi Nicola (Guiducci) choose various flavors of music playback.Capolinea, all the famous loud. - all gathered here bop orchestra. Can music appreciation over breakfast.Scimmie Le, good traditional jazz. In the dimension Navigli (district.The four O Sporca Acqua, the big band performances, and every night at the district.Don't let Budindria La, a high-profile Italian new singer display intelligence.From the northern Italy Magia, rock and roll band around here. Music scene, but prohibit to dance.Marzo XXII Corso, highlight Stones, Tel: 32 733172. [pure] discos ballroom, may have the opportunity to enjoy famous in the country rock singer in the name of the performance.Odissea Via Forze Armate, 42, Tel: 4075653 j. The class is a disco.Opera,In milan, can enjoy the world famous Teatro theatre, Carla alla Scala opera. Si cara theater performance on the first day of the year of milan AnBuLuo holy guardian sage, Joe festival, on December 7. Until 5 month, from the standard work to modern works show very extensive. Summer is a concert or ballet stage.On the day before the opening tickets generally 1 hours started selling, popular programs to wait in line. Box adopts booking system. In the theatre the office.restaurantsCan be roughly divided into strips, formal restaurant, cafeteria, etc. In Rome and milan, each city has large size of thousands of restaurants. Formal restaurant has its ethnic restaurants and all kinds of foreign restaurants, specifications, flavor also different. Milan savigny restaurants and heaven and restaurants. Savigny restaurants have 100 years of history. There are big restaurants and small boxes. Here, the waiter is regular meals compared through strict trained. According to the order of serving a fixed upon the earth. In traditional cuisine dishes, such as steak, Fried shrimp, KaoRuZhu meat, goose liver, etc. Italy has experienced in developing fast, fast both Italian and other countries. Generally located in downtown, crowded street intersection, or many people in a short period of time. In Italy, self-service restaurant is very convenient. The cafeteria is usually temple in highway station near the big fuss or downtown.Bar,Italian bars around a lot. Italian bar like Chinese tea, people in the spare time to drink coffee bar, habits, killing time. Bar also sell bread, ice cream, etc. In the morning, people like to drink a pleasing cappuccino, this is a kind of special Italy with foam, add sugar drinks before, very delicious.And in northern Italy elsewhere, compared with dry pasta more like manual pastry, rice products. In brescia, there is a call Casonsei Italian sausage, wonton, use is made of bread and cheese. A south of Tortelli pastry di climb Zucca, use pumpkins and flour food for the Zucca di Gnocchi pasta is very famous. In addition, to recommend a white wine is absorbed Lugana of around the lake of flowers and growth. In the cold winter, the area of a dish is indispensable Cassoeula. Will pig from head to foot, and cabbage boiled together. This dish to eat, drink of the southern foothills of the red Lotrepo Pavese bardacarlo very well. Now each restaurant menus in Italy can see on dairy Vitellotonnato sauce is poured tuna in this area. In the cooking beef slices on pour the sauce flavor of tuna, equipped with green leaves. With the white Franciacorta Pinot is appropriate.Economic center milan is a paradise for gourmets. Like the new milan man, in Italy, in the first food called Italian food, you CUCINA NUOVA led the world famous. On the other hand, fertile land on the rich raw material and production of the traditional cuisine is still a market.In the Po valley risotto rice yield of corn, polenta are made of its representative food. Polenta can and meat cooked, and like bread to eat, or light, like Fried food, lasagna type are rich and colorful. Milan have to eat dish to the marrow of Ming, dairy calves tissue together even cook meat bones Ossobuco and saffron flavor of tomato sauce Risottoallamilanese barbecue meals. These dishes and local representative Oltrepo wine Pavese Barvera thick flavor is very suitable. This milan representatives of general and Risottoallamilanese Ossobuco food eaten, so there is a reasonable cuisines.Another cannot forget Cotdettaalla is MIllanese. Large fast from plate dropped out of the frying cows, Italy has become popular dishes. Eat this dish, foamability and Oltrepo wine Pavese Pinot Spumamte flavor is very suitable.Cheese,The most famous, it Gorgonzola to produce in the village near milan. In addition, the world famous Christmas Panettone candy is the origin of milan. Now, in milan near large modern factory was established effect Panettone candy production output to Italy, around and around the world.Milan is an inland city, with Italy's biggest fish, because all of Italy on fresh fish and is very famous. There are many specialized in milan do fish restaurant, can let a gourmet big full the luck to eat STH delicious.Practical little information: postal code: 20100 long-distance code: 02Milan tourist information officeThe central station information desk in the front and back to the platform, can make an appointment hotel. Tourism information in front of the building is a right cathedral, there can be a lot about milan and provides the information, brochure and the map. Although not booking hotel, but could confirm any vacant rooms. In another, also have offices airport counter.exchangeThe central station beside the information office of the second change rate, though not very good is 24 hours. In the central station Banca Nazionale, also has the branch, there Comunicazioni delle rate.The bank, the cathedral city square near the hall from the rectangular Banca Cesare Ponti rate can also, very convenient, use value is higher. Business hours are from Monday to Friday, 8-13 of Saturday, zhoukou all rest. In the northern Italian bank afternoon, many business 1 hour.Bus stationWho are from the castle in scottsdale, Piazza Castello castro square to the lake area, suburban towns and the characteristics of azriel Rimini in Trieste. In addition, there are sent to Paris, London and other neighboring countries Autostradale focus on international routes (3), social Autostfadale clubs in the castro. All square,The post office, centralThe central post office at the cathedral of 300 meters to P.z Edison (a Cordusio regarding the building facing P in transfer business, don't get me wrong. The window is selling stamps with Japan, 30 to save bureau to take the contact Fermoposta business in 34 window handle. In front of the right channel package room. In addition, the cathedral of the synagogue there beside the rectangular SIP. In the central station in the post office and the central.Scenic spots are introduced concretely1 milan cathedral and the bishop Duomo square (church Piazza del Duomo), and the magnificent for Europe, Goethe the cathedral. Founded in 1386, completed in 1813, Mark Twain called "song poetry" written in marble. But on roof appreciate 2245 marble statue. Piazza del duomo, is located in the city of milan. It contains a monumento equestre duomo and vittorio emanuele II, often have visitors, pigeons. Milan are usually hurried towards the shops, offices. In the big square, before birth, the two duomo church: Santa Maria Maggiore Tecla and Santa.2 Victoria II arcades, Vittorio Emanuele II Galleria (see right-hand chart) : classic and luxuriant shopping area, there are many Bar and advanced dining-room. A corridor, cross symbol of America, Asia, Africa, Europe, four mainland Mosaic. arcade3, Teatro Della Scala opera (see chart), the second is right, the other end of the arcades, is the dream of performing vocalist. Next to a museum. Si cara opera house4. Santa Maria DE graham Santa Maria delle hiskia church (Grazie, see right third chart) : with the emerging "Da Vinci major last supper, 1999, has done just open to visit. Milan kirke cathedralJingPinJie Corso (5 Vitt Emanuele & Via Monte j Napoleone) : a world-class designer's work in all this. Passenger service center: near the church Turismo Palazzo di.[the] 2, editor of milanIn serie a, from September to may, the following are held every Sunday football match. In San Siro dusty Giuseppe Meazza, by M1 / subway, MORINODORINO went off in the direction of LOTTO, go west, again arrive 20 minutes. In G.M Via the cathedral square boundary azzini on 24 tram, about 30 minutes. Tickets to downtown Babila s. p. regarding the purchase, the tickets were having goosebumps each from 13:00 began selling in the entrance ticket purchase classic. Intermediate seats need about 85,000 L.The city has two famous team:AC milan football club, one of serie a traditional giants. 17th win the scudetto, four Italian cup, 7 European champions league cup, 2, 3 times (intercontinental cup) and went first world.Milan - f.c. internazionale, serie a traditional one. 16 times a big win the scudetto five times, Italian cup, 2, 3 European champions league and uefa cup twice the intercontinental cup winner, And for the serie a history of over one never fall.[editor this segment] 3, xinjiang: milan cityIn ancient China, xinjiang, see milan city.[editor this paragraph 4, the United States: milan]]Ohio town, "in 1992, it has a name," Thomas Edison's invention of hometown known.Secondary 5 and milan, inter school was founded in 1965, xinjiang production and construction corps second division 36 according to field, 1973 school for children start school, 93 became concentrated full-time secondary school. By milan headquarters and secondary school 36 regiment asbestine mine.[the] 2, editor

20100英语

212 评论(8)

健健康康。

Something about FlowersI love flowers,and I grow many flowers on my balcony.Roses,tulips,lilies are all my favorites.They have different color and smell,but their leaves are of the same color.They are always green.Different flowers have different meanings.For example,roses stand for love,lilies stand for peace.When you fall in love with somebody,you can give him or her a bunch of roses.To some degree,flowers represent culture of an area or country.

289 评论(12)

queenwendy

想提高英语口语水平,首先要在语音上下功夫:)~ 下面是些方法,你可以根据自己的学习方式掌握:)~ 1.其次,要有大量的阅读和听力做基础。在读和听的过程中,积累了词汇,掌握了句型,熟悉了用英语表达思想的方式,最重要的是培养了语感。 2.同时,学英语口语也需要用多种办法:如大声朗读英语对话和文章,朗读各种句型的例句和口语中最常用的句子,背诵文章及演讲,与会英语的人练口语,当然,最好与以英语为母语的人练口语。事实上,自言自语亦是练习口语的有效的方法之一。如果你把自己说的英语给录制下来,听听自己的录音,若有问题,再加以改正,效果就会更好。 3.说英语还要有胆量。如果你能在说不太出口,或是说不好的情况下,大胆地说。说上一段时间后,突然有一天你会自如、清楚地表达自己的思想。有了大胆说的精神,你才能闯过口语的难关。 4.只会学英语,而不能尽快地去用,那就永远也学不好英语。在学英语的过程中,要始终寻找机会说英语。比如说,你周围有几个喜欢说英语的朋友,大家在一起就要用英语来交谈。这种交谈有利于每个人的英语学习,因为大家都有机会运用自己已掌握的英语知识来交流思想,巩固了已学的知识,并把知识转化成技能,同时,还能从别人那儿学到新的东西。要想学好英语口语就要多说。 5.能同以英语为母语的人说英语是最佳方法。在国内学英语缺乏环境,看电影学英语口语是弥补环境不足的好方法。英语电影是一部英语国家的生活、文化、风俗等一切的百科全书,是最全的英语口语百科全书。大量地看英文电影就是你彻底攻克英语“听”和“说”的法宝。英语电影把你带入了一个新的世界中去。你在电影中,学到了英语口语的语汇、短语、句子结构,以及表达各种内容的说法。你要做的就是把自己想像成电影中的一个角色,在经历着自己的生活,又在经历着其他人的生活。总之,看一部电影比在美国生活一天还好,看电影也能学到地道的英语口语。★★★参加口语班 点击链接(即参考资料右侧的链接) 参加免费口语体验课★★★

297 评论(12)

隔壁老袁无敌

学习英语贵在坚持,不要怕开口,勇敢读出来,不断地练习 ~~~1.多看国外的英语电视节目、电视剧 2. 多与外国人交谈、聊天(面对面或网上都行) 3. 多看英语书报杂志,吸取最新词汇 4. 平时看书时,如果可以,就一边读一边念出声,以训练自己的口语+听力 5. 让老外纠正你的发音,不能让中国的英语老师纠正 6. 上网尽量看英语的网站,增加阅读的机会,同时也可以读出声.

301 评论(12)

石门小可爱

CityEnglish不错的,建议可以去试听下体验课,性价比很高的学校

338 评论(14)

五堂宅修

学英语要1、多听 坚持每天听半小时英语,培养语感。无论你听不听得懂,都得坚持听2、多读 锻练你的口感,形成你开口说英语的惯性,培养你对英语的感觉3、多写 下笔如流水,避免走入下笔维艰的尴尬境地4、多说 习惯成自然。克服怯场心态,积累临场经验5、多看 熟悉英语环境,自然进入状态

132 评论(15)

奶油不够变球

建议你买个最近新出的一款Listeneer智能断句复读机任意MP3装进去就自动帮你分好句了 还不用磁带 很小巧 音质特别好,用来仿音超舒服。记单词也方便 你选择句播三次 每个单词都被分成了一句话 自己读三次再往下读 你听着就行你如果学习的话,用这个效率是很高的。

141 评论(13)

夏筱筱筱瞳

英语要学好不要盲从,一定要自己理解语法意思,多掌握词汇及句型,就能说能写了,再练练听力就没问题了,还是要一个多看多听英语的积累过程。用自己的思维掌握学习英语,下面我就不跟你用专业语言讲解了,白话文点好让你理解。动词:动作/be动词/情态动词 例1:我打他了。(打是动词) 我爱唱歌。(爱是动词) 我想他。(想是动词)be动词指is、am、are及这三个词的其他时态的变形。这三个词的意思是“是”,有时也在一句话中翻译时体现不出来意思。例2:我是女生。I am a girl。(am是动词) 她很漂亮。She is beautiful。(she是动词)情态动词:指能、必须、可以、会、应该等词及各时态的变形,表示某人对某事物的看法态度例3:我会骑车。I can ride a bike。(can是情态动词) 你应该道歉。You should appologize。(should是情态动词) 名词:表示人事物时间地点情感等的称呼(你我他、他们之类的称呼是代词除外)例:书本、米饭、妈妈、帝王大厦、夏天、苦恼、幸福。。。助词:do、have的原型及各种时态的变形,做助动词时没有实在意思,只是语法需要。一般在否定句、疑问句中使用例:You like her。你喜欢她(肯定句) You do not like her。你不喜欢她(否定句时要加个do) Do you like her?(疑问句加个do再变顺序)主语:一个句子中的"主人",这句话是要说明什么人或什么事物的例:她很漂亮(她是主语) 工作不是一个容易的事情(工作是主语) 这个商场在打折(商场是主语)谓语:一般句子结构是“主语+谓语+宾语”谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语是动词或词组,动词的位置一般在主语之后。例:她喜欢他 She likes him。(likes是谓语) 我爱打篮球。(爱是谓语)宾语:一句话中动作的承受者,用在谓语后面例:她喜欢他 She likes him。(him“他”是谓语) I like reading。我喜欢阅读(reading阅读是宾语)补语:补语用来说明宾语或主语所处的状态或正在进行的动作的结果、程度、趋向、可能、状态、数量等的成分。因为英语中有些动词加宾语后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使...),ask(请)等等。如果我们说:我们使我们的祖国。这不是一句完整的话。应该说:我们使我们的祖国更美丽。这里的“美丽的(beautiful)”为形容词做补语,说明祖国的状态。英语句子为:We will make our country more beautiful.作补语的词或词组为:形容词,副词,名词,不定式,ing形式,数词等。代词:你我他它他们之类的各种变化形式形容性物主代词:“谁谁谁的。。。”,物品的主人,形容词性物主代词后面跟名词。表某事物的“归属人”,人物要用代词例:我的笔坏了。My pen is broken。(my 我的,是形容词性物主代词) 他们的英语老师很年轻。Their English teacher is very young。名词性物主代词“谁谁谁的。。。”,物品的主人,具有名词的意思的代词,所以后面不加名词。例:这个笔是我的。It is my pen.= The pen is mine.(这里my pen= mine,my是形容词性的,mine是名词性的物主代词)非谓语动词句子成分包括:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、表语等七种。非谓语动词指在句子中不是谓语的动词,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词,语法点很多,一时也说不清楚,你了解了一些基础的东西再了解这个好懂些。

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游客56742389

动词: 动词时表示动作或状态的词。在英语中,每个句子中必须有一个动词来担当谓语,说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”。动词有人称、数、时态、语态和语气的变化。 用法: 当句子是一般过去时态的时候,动词(包括be动词)跟在主语之后(注意动词要变过去式) 当句子是一般现在时态的时候,动词(包括be动词)跟在主语之后(注意动词要根据人称的变化而变化,当主语是但是第三人称是,要用单三形式) 当句子是一般将来时态的时候,动词跟在“will”或“be going to do”的后面 副词: 副词是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。 在动词、助动词、情态动词之后 名词: 世界是由万事万物构成的,这些事物各有名称,表示这些名称的词叫做名词。名词可以表示人、事物的名称或抽象的概念。 用法: 名词前可由冠词或其他限定词来修饰 名词有主格(作主语)、属格(作定语,表示所属)和宾格(作宾语)。一般情况下,名词的主格和宾格是相同的,其属格一般是在其后加's或使用“of+名词”结构。 介词: 用来表明名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句)与句中其他词的关系的词叫作介词,介词是虚词,不能重读,不能单独做句子成分,需要和他后面的词共同充当句子成分。介词后面的名词、代词或相当于名词的部分称为介词宾语,建成介宾。 同志,这可是我辛辛苦苦从语法书上找的,可不是从网上查的,你可一定要珍惜我的劳动成果啊! ↖(^ω^)↗加油 我相信你一定可以的 O(∩_∩)O~对了,还有这些语序 结构上来讲,英语是“主动宾”(SVO)语言。在简单陈述句中,它一般是遵从主语、动词、宾语加句号的形式。即: Tom [主语] eats [动词] cheese [宾语]. Mary sees the cat. 总体上来说英语是中心语前置的语言,也就是说一个短语的重心在其开头。如: ran quickly (动词短语) to the store (介词短语) 名词短语是主要的例外,为中心语后置: blue house (形容词 + 名词) Fred's cat (所有格 + 名词) 所以,基本简单句的语序一般为(除去冠词和其他限定词):形容词1 - 主语 - 动词 - 副词 - 形容词2 - 直接宾语 - 形容词3 - 间接宾语。 语序变化一般用在疑问句(Did you go to the store?)、主动被动语态变化(The car was bought by John)及词语或语法上的强调(主题化)中。 名词 英语中,名词一般描绘人物、地点、事物与抽象观点等。英语的名词总体上来说没有格变化,但有限定和数量差别。如: the(定冠词):the house指一幢明确具体的房子(例:“the house I was born in”) a/an(不定冠词):a house只是简单指一幢房子(例:“A house is a building for living in.”) 单数:the house指一幢房子 复数:the houses指一幢以上房子 英语中,没有专门用来限定两个或三个的名词数字。 名词的种类 名词可分为专有名词(Proper Noun)和普通名词(Common Noun)。 专有名词 指个人、事物、地点、团体、机构或国家的专有名称的名词叫专有名词。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写,如: 人名:Peter、Harry、Bush 英语主要有两个情况需要格变化:所有格依附词(以前叫做撒克逊属格)和代词体系。在名词短语末尾附加依附词,用来指示所有格,如: The king's daughter's house fell. King后方的第一个<'s>显示这个女儿是国王的;第二个<'s>并不依附在daughter上(很多人对此是混淆的),而依附在The king's daughter整个名词短语后。 另一方,英语在代词中保留了古日耳曼语的名词变格体系,参看下方表格。请注意,近代英语中第二人称单数thou1已经很少使用,在方言、宗教、诗歌或修辞等场合中才会出现。日常生活中普遍用you代替。 人称: 第一单数 第二单数1 第三单数 第一复数 第三复数 第二复数 疑问词 主格 I thou he, she, it we they you who 宾格 me thee him, her, it us them you whom (非正式:who) 属格 mine2 thine2 his, hers, its ours theirs yours whose 在第三人称代词上也残留下一些阴阳性变化。性用在生物上,一般是遵循生物学上的性变化;用在事物上,则根据社会历史传统变化(如“船”在英语中经常当作阴性看待)。He用来指代阳性名词;she用来指代阴性名词;it用来指代不确定性的名词和非生物。普遍认为用“it”来形容人类既不礼貌又不符合语法(形容婴儿时除外);一些英语使用者愿意用“they”来指代性别不明或与语境无关的人,另一些人愿意用稍稍复杂一些的“he or she”。这种场合很少会引起混淆,因为说话人想要表达的意思从语境中就能够体现出来。 动词 英语中,动词一般描绘动作和状态等。与相对简单的名词相比,动词分为时态、情态、语态等,也根据人称变化。 动词中的人称 英语中的动词人称变化较少。与其他欧洲语言不同,单从英语的动词变形很难看岀来主语是何人称。结果就造成,英语中一般必须明确主语名词和代词,否则会造成混淆。大多数规则动词依照下方的格式随人称变化: 词干:listen 第一人称单数:I listen 第二人称单数:You (Thou) listen (listenest) 第三人称单数:He/She/It listens 第一人称复数:We listen 第二人称复数:You listen 第三人称复数:They listen 动词中的语态 英语动词有两种语态:主动和被动。基本形式是主动语态,遵循上方讨论过的SVO格式。被动语态的变化是,改变动词形态,将主语和直接宾语对调,然后在主语前附加“by”,如: 2 这里是英语语法的归纳,所有西日耳曼语支的语言都如此。 主动:John heard the music. 被动:The music was heard by John. 这种改变在语义上的效果是,这个动作会被“去人格化”,不会再受具体主语的限制。有的时候这种用法也用来强调句子中的直接宾语。 动词语气/式 英语的动词有四种语气/式:陈述、祈使、条件和虚拟。陈述式是最简单的,也是最基本的形式。 陈述式简单说来就是围绕动词主动语态的叙述。 祈使式用在命令、请求中。要求使用动词原型,如“Listen!”、“Sit!”、“Eat!”等。祈使语气在英语中仅岀现在第二人称的情况。主语(你/你们)一般不说,因为句义中已经表达了出来。有时候也使用呼格,避免产生歧义,如“Sit, John.” 条件式用来表达假设性陈述,或回应虚拟的命题(见下方的虚拟语气)。表达方法是使用助动词could、would、should、may与might加动词原型,如: He goes to the store. He could go to the store.(他有能力去,[而且或已经承诺要去,或还没有承诺。]) He should go to the store.(他应该去,但还没去。) He may go to the store.(他已经被允许去了,[而且或已经承诺要去,或还没有承诺。]) He might go to the store.(并不确定他是否会去,而且暗示会受到条件变化的影响。) 请注意,对大多数使用者来说,“may”和“might”已经没有分别,都用来表达上面说的“might”这个意思。 虚拟语气用来表达反事实(附加条件)的叙述,经常出现在假设性陈述中。典型的用法是,用助动词“were”加上动词的现在分词<-ing>。 I am eating, so I shall sit.(事实/陈述) Were I eating, I should sit.(反事实) If they were eating, they would sit.(附加条件的反事实/假设) Truth be told...(虚拟) If I were you...(虚拟) 当这些语气用在时态中,情况会明显复杂。不过,日常用语中一般不会严格遵守虚拟语气的格式,而且也将条件式限制在简单现在和简单过去时中。 动词时态 英语有很多动词时态,全部这些都只是表明动作发生的时间;不过同大多数日耳曼语一样,这些时态最终可以划为四种:现在和过去的直陈与虚拟。使用“to be”和“to have”,再加上现在分词和过去分词,就可以创造岀各种复合时态。英语中有12个主要时态,都来自于三时(过去、现在、将来)和四体(一般、进行[或未完成]、完成、完成进行)的交叉组合。(在被动语态中,有一些组合会极少岀现,尤其是“将来完成进行时”。)下方是一些主要英语动词时态的例子。 主动词根据人称变化的时态: 一般现在时: “I listen.”对很多动词来讲,这个时态用来阐述习惯或能力。 助动词根据人称变化的时态: 现在进行时: “I am listening.”表达现在正在进行的动作。要表达这个意思,在英语中需要用到现在进行时,但在其他大多数语言中只用一般现在时就可以。请注意,这种形式在英语中也可以表达将来时,比如“We're going to the movies tonight”。 过去进行时: “I was listening.”表达在过去某时刻持续进行的动作。 现在完成时: “I have listened.”通常表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生了,动作已结束。 现在完成进行时: “I have been listening.”表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生,并一直延续到现在。 一般将来时: “I shall listen”或“I will listen.”表达一个动作会在将来发生,或说话人表示要完成某个行动。3 将来进行时: “I shall be listening.”表达将来的某个持续进行的动作,此动作现在还没有开始。(使用will可以表达主观愿望。3) 主动词和助动词都不根据人称变化的时态: 不定式: “to listen”与其他动词连用,如“I was to listen to the story”。 一般过去时: “I listened.”在英语中表达某个动作在过去发生,而不是现在(不同于其他一些语言中的不定过去时)。 3 这里是英语语法的归纳,所有西日耳曼语支的语言都如此。 过去完成时: “I had listened.”表达某个过去的动作在过去某一时刻之前已经完成。 过去完成进行时: “I had been listening.”表达一个动作在过去某一时刻发生,并一直延续到过去另一个时刻。 将来完成时: “I shall have listened.”表达一个动作会在将来某一时刻之前完成。 将来完成进行时: “I shall have been listening.”表达一个动作会在将来某一时刻开始,并一直延续到将来另一时刻。 虚位与类助动词 另外,“do”的各种形式也用在否定句、疑问句和对一般现在时与一般过去时的强调句中: "Do I go?" "I do not go." "I do go!" "Did I go?" "I did not go." "I did go!" 进行形式“going to”也会用在将来时内: "I am going to go." "I was going to go." 其他 分类 时态、体(又称“态”或“相”等)和语气/式之间的区别并不十分明确,也有很多别的分类意见。例如,许多分析人士不接受英语有12个时态的说法。那6个“进行”(又称连续)的形式经常统统放入一个大的“体”分类下讨论,而不被当作“时态”;同时这种观点也认为一般过去时和过去进行时属于同一个时态。另外,很多现代英语语法书都认为英语并没有将来时态(或将来完成时)。赞同这种观点的有近年来最大最复杂的两本语法书: Biber, D., S. Johansson, G. Leech, S. Conrad & E. Finegan. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Harlow, Longman. Rodney Huddleston & Geoffrey Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge grammar of the English language. Cambridge, CUP. Huddleston和Pullum(页数209-10)的主要论点是英语没有将来时态,因为无论从语法上还是意义上来看,will都是一个情态动词。Biber等人走得更远,指岀英语仅有两个时态,过去和现在;他们将带有have的完成形式作为“体”来讨论。而Huddleston和Pullum则将带有have的完成形式作为“二等时态”来分析。 不规则动词 英语中很多动词的变位遵循这一段开始说明的规则,但英语中还有很多不规则动词,分为两种: “外表不规则” 实际不规则 “外表不规则”是指虽然第一层看上去不规则,但实际上也遵循另外一种变位规律。这一组动词是古日耳曼语元音交替变位体系的遗留物。一般来说仅包括非典型的一般过去式。例如: I meet ~ I met ~ I had met I read ~ I read ~ I had read I lead ~ I led ~ I had led I swim ~ I swam ~ I had swum I sing ~ I sang ~ I had sung I steal ~ I stole ~ I had stolen 而实际不规则的动词,不能根据元音交替的规律来判断如何变位。最常见的例子是be。下方是这个词的动词变位方式。其他时态的可以从这基本四个中推导岀来。 人称: 第一单数 第三单数 第一复数 第三复数 第二 不定式 to be 一般现在时 I am He is, she is, it is We are They are You are 一般过去时 I was He was, she was, it was We were They were You were 现在进行时 I am being He/she/it is being We are being They are being You are being 不规则动词包括“eat”、“sit”、“keep”等其他很多。有一些变化方式是根据废弃的词根而来,或者根据已经改变意思的词根而来。其他的方式从来自于古元音变音的规律,这些规律的音位结构已经变化,也受到了语法变化的歪曲影响(如keep变为kept)。有一些来源不详,可能会追溯到原始印欧语言的时代。 英语语法其他主题 形容词与副词 形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词(和形容词)。并不是所有语言都区分这两种词,但英语从语法上和构词上都将它们分得一清二楚。语法上来讲,形容词放在要修饰的名词前面,而副词放在要修饰的动词前后都可以。英语也有将形容词变为副词的方法:附加后缀“-ly”(并移到句子中合适的地方)。 变换词性的方法还有很多。名词很容易就能换为动词:先移到句子中合适的地方,再根据动词变位规则进行变化。名词也可以转化为其他类名词(<-er>、<-ist>),表达状态的名词(<-ness>),或形容词(<-ish>)等。 动词可以变为形容词(<-ing>),副词(<-ly>),或名词(<-er>)。 这些方式让英语选词可以更加灵活,可以扩展词汇量,还可以重新组和词汇以便附加各种微妙的含义。你慢慢看看吧

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