英语笔记虚拟语气

虚拟语气 一、概念 [Subjunctive Mood]中文译作"虚拟语气"。它是一种动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。二、语法结构 1.if结构（非真实条件句——表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况） 与..事实相反 If从句 主句 过去 Had done Would* have done 现在 Were/did Would* do 将来 Should do/were/were to do Would* do 例句：If there hadn’t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [过去] If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [现在] If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [将来] 备注： （1）上表中’*’，would都可转换为should、could、might。 （2) 如果为时间错综句的话，左右两栏可互相搭配，排列组合。 例句： He would still be alive today if he hadn’t taken that drug. [与现在事实相反] [与过去事实相反] (3) if可转换为其他形式 例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn’t have been so successfully. [过去] （=>可转换为：If there hadn’t been your advice, we …） Your notes are almost illegible (难以辨认的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [将来] (=> 可转换为：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.) I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[过去] (=> 可转换为：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..) 2、wish结构 与..事实相反 过去 Had done 现在 Were/did 将来 Would 备注：可转换为其他形式。 例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [过去] I wish I were a bird. I wish he handn' done that. I wish I would be rich in the future. 3、should结构 从句中用“should + 动词原形”构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结构的动词有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。 例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud. 注意：当insist表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明，显示”时，不用虚拟语气。 例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him. He insisted that he was honest. 4、would rather ＋从句 在这种结构中，从句的谓语动词用过去形式表示虚拟。 例句：I would rather you did this instead of me. 5、主语从句中的虚拟语气 1）It be + 形容词 + that ．．．（should）．．． 用于该句型的形容词是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising ． 一些名词也可以用于 在该结构中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．． 2）It be + 过去分词 + that ．．．（should）．．．． 用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如：desired， suggested， requested， ordered， proposed等。 3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（过去式动词形式或should＋动词原形）．．．． It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now. 6、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气 在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同 位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词应用：should＋原形动词。另外连接从句的that不能省 略。 例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once. What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?三、使用范围及判断 1、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。 2、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断 判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。 判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：①与过去事实相反。②与现在事实相反。③与将来事实可能相反。 3、“后退一步法” 后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非 真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是： 1）与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 2）与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。 3）与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。 例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him. If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students. If it should snow tomorrow, they couldn’t go out.四、注意事项 1.if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。 2、在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。 3、wish 后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，不能以主句的时态为判断依据，而是根据从句的意义判断。

多数中国人对虚拟语气的理解是：虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望，是假设的，虚构的，与事实相反的，或者是不太可能的。这种理解固然是对的，但并不全面。在英语中，虚拟语气是个广义的概念，包括好几种句型和结构。假设，意愿等只是虚拟语气的两个方面。英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异：而在英语中，虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。这又一次证明动词在英语中的核心地位，又一次证明要学好英语语法，就要学好英语动词。由于虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的，因此，掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键，这也是虚拟语气的难点。虚拟语气本身也是英语语法的一个难点。学习虚拟语气的方法是分别弄通虚拟语气的各种句型和结构，各个击破。下面对虚拟语气在各种句式中的用法分别介绍。 （一）虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句，状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。请看一个句子：If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我就去。这是个带条件从句的主从复合句，是直接的陈述语气，主句谓语动词用将来时，从句谓语动词用现在时代替将来时，表示能实现的动作。这句话说明说话人认为邀请的可能性较大。此句的条件是“只要她邀请我”，“去”这一动作就能实现。 请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较：1） If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会，我就去。（说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。）这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，其含义是：She will probably not invite me, so I shall not go to the party. 她很可能不会邀请我参加聚会，所以我不会去。2） If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会，我就去了。这句话主句谓语动词用“should ＋ have + 过去分词”形式，从句用过去完成时，对过去发生的事情进行虚拟假设，表示与过去事实相反的情况，其含义是：She didn’t invite me yesterday, so I didn’t go to the party. 她昨天没有邀请我参加聚会，因此我没有去。3） If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会，我会去的。这句话主句谓语动词用过去将来时，从句谓语动词也用过去将来时，表示的意思是，“邀请我”的可能性较小，对将来要发生的情况表示怀疑。其含义是：It is unlikely that she will invite me tomorrow, so I shall not go to the party. 明天她不可能会邀请我，因此我不会去。 从以上例句可以看出：虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑，和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气，与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系，在学习时应注意加以区别，不要混淆。现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下：1、 对现在的虚拟，表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式（be的过去式用were.而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。见下表： 条件状语从句的动词形式主句的动词形式If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式were.在口语等非正式场合中，I，he，she，it等后面也可用was.但在If I were you中，一定要用were，不能用was.I (we)should+动词原形主语+would (might,could)十动词原形  例句：If I were you, I should study English.(fact: I am not you, so I shall not study English.)If he had time, he would attend the meeting.(fact: He does not have time, so he will not attend the meeting.)If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: They take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so sleepy in the morning.(fact: You often go to bed late, so you are always sleepy in the morning.)If this were the case, it would be very awkward.(fact: This is not the case, so it is not awkward.) Now let’s do some translation:要是没有虚拟语气英语就会容易多了。