艰难之旅
(January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a renowned polymath and a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As an inventor, he is known for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, among other inventions.He facilitated many civic organizations, including Philadelphia's fire department and The University of Pennsylvania, an Ivy League institution.
Franklin earned the title of "The First American" for his early and indefatigable campaigning for colonial unity, initially as an author and spokesman in London for several colonies. As the first United States Ambassador to France, he exemplified the emerging American nation.Franklin was foundational in defining the American ethos as a marriage of the practical values of thrift, hard work, education, community spirit, self-governing institutions, and opposition to authoritarianism both political and religious, with the scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment. In the words of historian Henry Steele Commager, "In a Franklin could be merged the virtues of Puritanism without its defects, the illumination of the Enlightenment without its heat." To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin "the most accomplished American of his age and the most influential in inventing the type of society America would become."
Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he authored under the pseudonym "Richard Saunders". After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the British policies.
He pioneered and was first president of The Academy and College of Philadelphia which opened in 1751 and later became the University of Pennsylvania. He organized and was the first secretary of the American Philosophical Society and was elected president in 1769. Franklin became a national hero in America as an agent for several colonies when he spearheaded an effort in London to have the Parliament of Great Britainrepeal the unpopular Stamp Act. An accomplished diplomat, he was widely admired among the French as American minister to Paris and was a major figure in the development of positive Franco-American relations. His efforts proved vital for the American Revolution in securing shipments of crucial munitions from France.
He was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for many years, and this enabled him to set up the first national communications network. During the Revolution, he became the first US Postmaster General. He was active in community affairs and colonial and state politics, as well as national and international affairs. From 1785 to 1788, he served as governor of Pennsylvania. He initially owned and dealt in slaves but, by the 1750s, he argued against slavery from an economic perspective and became one of the most prominent abolitionists.
His colorful life and legacy of scientific and political achievement, and his status as one of America's most influential Founding Fathers have seen Franklin honored more than two centuries after his death on coinage and the $100 bill, warships, and the names of many towns, counties, educational institutions, and corporations, as well as countless cultural references.
queenielove多儿
共济会，字面之意为"自由石匠"（或 Freemasonry、freemasons、Free-Mason），全称为"Free and Accepted Masons"，其会员被称为“美生”（英语：Mason，原意为石匠，），这也是中文美生会一词的来源。“共济会会员”被称为freemason或Free-Mason。在中文世界早期叫“规矩会”，台湾则自称“美生会”，其他中文译法还有“同济会”等等。中国美生会员互称之为“兄弟”，口号为“四海之内皆兄弟”（Within Four Seas all are Brethren）。共济会并非宗教，对入会申请者是否有宗教信仰或是什么宗教背景并没有要求，但申请者必须是有神论者，相信存在着一位神。共济会的理论明显继承了诺斯提教派（Gnosticism）的宗教思想。而除了诺斯提思想之外，共济会也包含了13世纪左右兴起的卡巴拉（犹太教隐秘哲学）、拉丁炼金术的诸多元素。多年以来，共济会一直成为众多社会势力批判的对象。某些一神教指控共济会是反对该教的大本营，甚至参加者死前都不能够请神职人员到床前为他祈祷，因此许多个案或是实证都以这个结社为主题。连希特勒都曾经利用捏造的文件来指控共济会主要由犹太人所组成，意图控制整个德国和欧洲，也藉此展开了恶名昭彰的种族大屠杀。当然，这些误解和指控都只是历史上的一小部分而已。其他最有名的就是所谓的“光明会”（Illuminati）的影子政府指控，认为共济会与光明会的新世界秩序有关。有些人甚至指称共济会是个玄秘组织。由于共济会行事神秘低调，可能因此引发诸多流言，然而事实上共济会会员在社会上受人敬重，而且耗费许多时间与金钱参加慈善活动。共济会名义上要求会员效忠所在国家的政权。但历史上，共济会曾在沙皇俄国、苏联、德国、日本、意大利的法西斯当政时期与一些君主制国家被禁止，现代在绝大多数的穆斯林国家和一些非洲国家依然禁止其存在。其在1962年主动退出了中国大陆，转到香港和台湾发展，近些年又开始恢复了在大陆地区的活动。华人组织洪门的英文名称是Chinese Freemasonry，尽管英文是同一个词，但并不属于共济会分支组织。共济会会员遍布全球，来自社会各行业各阶层。今天的共济会大约有600万名会员，其中英国约100万、美国约400万、法国约7万。著名的共济会会员包括：孟德斯鸠 维克多·雨果 歌德 海顿 萨德侯爵 莫扎特贝多芬腓特烈大帝 拉法耶特侯爵 乔治·华盛顿 汤玛斯·杰佛逊 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福 约翰·埃德加·胡佛 马克·吐温阿瑟·柯南·道尔加里波第 穆斯塔法·凯末尔 温斯顿·丘吉尔 巴兹·奥尔德林 本杰明·富兰克林 亨利·福特 托马斯·爱迪生 爱因斯坦 严家淦蒋纬国李嘉诚 莫逖拉尔·尼赫鲁
晴朗的海01
共济会确实强大，可惜不是善类。真名全称：金光黎明共济会，所以出现了“光明会”和“共济会”两种称呼，很多人以为是两个组织，实际上是一个，出现很多异议正是共济会的信息交叉感染战术。根据共济会的深层内部信仰，共济会的本身就是地狱魔王撒旦为了征服地球及奴役人类而建立的庞大邪恶组织，其中美国就是共济会一手建立的影子政府，也就是说美国政府的实质就是魔界在人界的核心基地组织。且已控制如英国等诸多强国的国家力量。结论就是说，共济会的一切活动都是为了以撒旦为首的“恶魔”而服务的。 譬如常说的“蜥蜴人”或其它诸如之类的不祥生物。它们的实质就是“魔”，“蜥蜴魔”，叫做“蜥蜴人”是因为人类的语言逻辑而定义的。“外星生物”并不全是“人类”，所以“外星人”这种概念是狭隘的。它们形态各异，根据神秘生物体系，并不是形态和人类相同或类似的就都称之为“人”。就像“蜥蜴人”，它们像人类一样直立行走，且行动能力大大超越人类。它们仍然是“蜥蜴”，只不过是“蜥蜴”的高级形态，地球历史记载中的“妖怪”，“妖精”等等，正是属于此类。
好奇怪的样子哦
footballDocumented evidence of an activity resembling football can be found in the Chinese military manual Zhan Guo Ce compiled between the 3rd century and 1st century BC. It describes a practice known as cuju (蹴鞠, literally "kick ball"), which originally involved kicking a leather ball through a small hole in a piece of silk cloth which was fixed on bamboo canes and hung about 9 m above ground. During the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD), cuju games were standardized and rules were established. Variations of this game later spread to Japan and Korea, known as kemari and chuk-guk respectively. By the Chinese Tang Dynasty (618–907), the feather-stuffed ball was replaced by an air-filled ball and cuju games had become professionalized, with many players making a living playing cuju. Also, two different types of goal posts emerged: One was made by setting up posts with a net between them and the other consisted of just one goal post in the middle of the field.
罂粟女孩
是真实的哦，共济会并非宗教，在成立的初期属于一种秘密结社，对入会申请者是否有宗教信仰或是什么宗教背景并没有要求，允许持有各种宗教信仰的没有残疾的成年男子加入，但申请者必须是有神论者（可以是犹太教徒、基督教徒、印度教徒等），相信存在着一位神。南京大学蔡少卿先生写的，研究19-20世纪海外华侨中的秘密会党洪门与华裔共济会的关系。文章史料很丰富，揭示了孙中山发动反满革命过程中曾经得到洪门会党以及华人“共济会”的资助的史实。所以特予以推荐。但也必须指出：据本人的研究，所谓华人的”洪门---共济会“，与欧美的自由共济会(FreeMason)根本并不是一回事。华侨的“洪门共济会”绝对不是西方“自由共济会”的分支。二者不应被混为一谈！实际上，澳洲洪门会社之所以命名为“华人共济会”TheChineseMasonic Society——不过仅仅是一种名义冒用或者曰借名而已。诚如本文作者所指出的：叫这一名字是为了“得到澳大利亚非华裔公众的理解”，因为自由共济会(FreeMason)在西方是比较强大的一股势力。但是，华人共济会绝对并不是西方自由共济会的分支。我们应注意到，在华人的洪门共济会英文中缺少最重要的一个词Free（自由）,而且也“没有使用澳大利亚共济会的任何仪式”。其实蒋纬国后来搞的所谓中华民国美生会，也并不是西方意义的真正的FreeMason，而只是其影像而已，最多也只能是一种非常基层的外围。最根本的问题是：西方的“自由共济会”乃是一个汇聚其金融、政治、文化精英人士，而且具有强烈之排他性、封闭性、宗教性、隐秘性而组织严密的团体，绝对不可能对华人开放。因此华裔人士最多只能活动在西方共济会的外围，或者被其某些下属基金组织所雇佣，或收买、利用而已。但华裔人士想进入其高层——也就是进入美英法德国家的顶层主流社会，以至想组建会社成为其自由共济会的分支，那基本是完全不可能的。还有，共济会的英文全称为Free and Accepted Masons——我认为这个组织正确的中文译名应当是“自由建筑师同盟”。Masons旧直译成石匠，难以传达其微妙的政治涵义，故表达是不准确的。
