A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague Besides temporal and capacity constraints， compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled Finally， the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets， robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak However， if no robust solution is found constraints will be This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel 补充： Bidding for the Olympic Games， in a way， an image-creating The first and foremost thing is to let people fall in love with the city at first sight， attracting them by its unipue What image does Beijing intend to create for itself once it has the opportunity to host the 2008 Olympics? It is known to all that the Beijing Municipal Government has already set the theme for the future games: New Beijing， Great O For me， the 2008 Olympics will be a great green Olympics illuminated with two more special colors， yellow and First， yellow is a meaningful The Yellow River is China's Mother River and the descendants of the Yellow E This color has a special origin and great significance for the Chinese Beijing is the capital of New China and previously the capital for nine dynasties in Chinese So， yellow will naturally add splendor to the 2008 G Secondly， the 2008 Olympics will be a red Red is another traditionally cherished color for the whole We adore On big occasions， we like to decorate our homes in It is the color of double happiness， representing joyous moments， auspiciousness， enthusiasm and Red is one of the most suitable colors to describe the future of Beijing Beijing ， together with the whole country， is becoming more and more prosperous in the process of Should the 2008 Olympics be held in Beijing， the whole city will be a sea of red : the red torch，red flags， red flowers， and the radiant faces of millions of joyful Above all， the 2008 Olympics will be a green O Adding a green ingredient is essential in creating an appealing image， as we can't deny the fact that Beijing， at the moment， is not as green a city as what we like it to Striving for an environmentally appealing city has become a central task for all the citizens of B Big efforts have been made in pollution control， replanting and beautification of the According to a project entitled" The Green Olympic Action Plan"， between 1998 and 2007， Beijing， we have invested 100 billion RMB in preserving and protecting the Some 5 million trees and over 1 million acres of grass will be planted along the Fourth Ring R By then， the city's green area will make up 40% of its The city will also dredge its reservoirs used as a water supply to Beijing residents， controlling industrial pollution and moving out the 200 factories presently located within the city Certainly， all of this is no easy But I am sure that all of us have confidence that we will realize these green For now we have the full support and participation of the environmentally conscious Each citizen is showing great concern for every one of the steps the city government As the saying goes， United， we stand， and a green Beijing will be When our aspiration becomes a reality， it will be a unique O" New Beijing， Great Olympics"; will be weaved of these three superb colors: yellow， red and 追问： 用中文写清楚 这篇英文文章研究的是什么问题?这个问题是怎么研究的?发现了什么?这些发现意 味着什么? 谢谢 回答： 第一篇与电有关求采纳
Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources， select relevant material， analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage Information technologists are people who analyse and design the What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include • A machine that accepts data and processes it into use • A computer is a binary， digital， electronic， stored program • While a computer is commonly a digital machine， analogue machine do An electronic device， operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit， that can accept data (input)， process data arithmetically and logically， produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and W A computer system consists of hardware and What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU The CPU consists of • A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an • Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor OS Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current E DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external)， input， processor， output ， memory， C Name eight pieces of hardware USB， keyboard， monitor， screen， RAM， ROM， VDU， M The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the key board， mouse， printer， joy stick and Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside， or in other words， plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the keyboard， mouse， printer， joy stick and What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ，which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into These instructions are written in languages that computer can Software includes computer games， a word processing packing， an accounting package， amongst Definition of a computer system • A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software， functioning together， to process data into useful information， in order to achieve a purpose for a human What is data? • Data is raw facts， be they numbers， words， images and sounds， that can be input into a Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? • Information is processed data， that has meaning and is John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the • Motherboard • CPU • Memory • Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer， the CPU contain the • Control unit and the • Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s For every single instruction， the control unit repeats four basic operations， • Fetching • Decoding • Executing • Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations， which involve • Arithmetic operations 2+3 • Comparison operations age>=17 • Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) Memory is measured in • Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 • Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 • Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic Each circuit， at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON Hence these devices are called two state Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit， short for binary A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters， symbols or Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256
