（英文：theory of evolution）并非什么演化都是进化，进化论，是以史为鉴，要找出生命生存规律和发展方向的系统性的科学理论，是对生命起源和发展的一种假说。古希腊时期曾经出现一些零星的演化思想，包括现在“演化论”者的演化无方向存在即合理，都不是系统性的科学理论。21世纪进化学绝大部分以“分子钟为基础、蛋白质PAM矩阵和BLOSUM的氨基酸矩阵为证据”的分子系统发生学和进化动力学为基础，由达尔文的进化论指导。以埃尔温·薛定谔的《生命是什么》为主体方向，近中性突变为框架 ，已成为当代生物学的核心思想之一，解释了染色体平衡易位等基因变化。而达尔文进化论主要特指进化论在达尔文时代的观点。中文名达尔文进化论外文名Darwin's theory of evolution时期19世纪中叶意义对生命和物种起源的一种假说热点关注解读 达尔文和他的北极熊聪明的你可能有所耳闻，从前在加拉帕戈斯群岛上有这么一种知更鸟，它们因为鸟喙形状的变化暗示了动物会适应环境而进化，从而与达尔文结下了不解之缘。但是你肯定不知道，北极熊在他们神奇的关系中间也插了一脚。2018-09-26产生背景在文艺复兴以及思想启蒙之后，现代科学的理性思维已经建立起来。达尔文的时代是十九世纪中后期，正是走出蒙昧，提倡科学的前一阶段，在思想和理性上，为达尔文创立自然选择进化论提供了思想依据。而青年时的远游，则为他积累了大量的实据，引发了他关于物种进化的思考并最终形成一个完整的体系。不可否认，由于当时科学不太发达，进化论存在理论缺陷，可随着科学的不断进步，进化论已经发展成现代综合进化论了。其实反对进化论的目的只有一个——引出神。现在这些反对进化论人士已经很隐晦了，不直接说神造，而是智能设计论，可物种如何出现的问题只有两种可能，一是自然演化，一是被创造。即使我们地球的生命是被外星人创造的，那么外星人从哪儿来依然是一个问题，依然存在是进化还是被创造的问题，因此，考虑宇宙中的生命，依然只存在自然演化与被创造两种可能。要点达尔文认为，生物之间存在着生存争斗，适应者生存下来，不适者则被淘汰，这就是自然的选择。生物正是通过遗传、变异和自然选择，从低级到高级，从简单到复杂，种类由少到多地进化着、发展着。以上三点，即是我们常听到的“物竞天择，适者生存”，现代基因学的诞生，为此提供了重要的证据，事实上，物竞天择，竞的是“基因”。内容达尔文进化论的主要内容达尔文进化论主要包括四个子学说： 一进化论：物种是可变的，现有的物种是从别的物种变来的，一个物种可以变成新的物种。这一点，如今早已被生物地理学、比较解剖学、比较胚胎学、古生物学和分子生物学等学科的观察、实验所证实，甚至在实验室、野外都可以直接观察到新物种的产生。所以，这是一个科学事实，其可靠程度跟“地球是圆的”、“物质由原子组成”一样。在今天，除了少数由于宗教信仰狂热而无视事实的人，实际上已无生物学家否认生物进化的事实。 二共同祖先学说：所有的生物都来自共同的祖先。分子生物学发现了所有的生物都使用同一套遗传密码，生物化学揭示了所有生物在分子水平上有高度的一致性，最终证实了达尔文这一远见卓识。所以，这也是一个被普遍接受的科学事实。 三自然选择学说：自然选择是进化的主要机制。自然选择的存在，是已被无数观察和实验所证实的，这也是一个科学事实。现在学术界一般认为，自然选择的使用范围并不象达尔文设想的那么广泛。自然选择是适应性进化（即生物体对环境的适应）的机制，对于非适应性的进化，有基因漂移等其他机制。也就是说，不能用自然选择来解释所有的进化现象。考虑到适应性进化是生物进化的核心现象，说自然选择是进化的主要机制，也是成立的。 四渐变论：生物进化的步调是渐变式的，它是一个在自然选择作用下，累积微小的优势变异的逐渐改进的过程，而不是跃变式的。这是达尔文进化论中较有争议的部分。
克隆过程中胞质线粒体所起的遗传作用等问题还没有解决。 且生出的部分个体表现出生理或免疫缺限2即使是正常发育的，也被发现有早衰迹象。3克隆动物胎儿普遍存在比一般动物发育快的倾向，这些都可能是死亡的原因。 给你个Human Cloning is Evil Human cloning would certainly lead to social If an individual led a distraught or irresponsible life， would the clone be inclined to follow in his footsteps? Because of negative publicity， this clone's life may already be in the road to destruction prior to even becoming a Would you want to be the clone of Hannibal， who devoured his victims after he murdered them? Cloning would also lessen the worth of an individual and diminish the respect for If humans feel they can be replaced， like that of an object， then disposing of a human life would come at no great cost to their Resulting in perhaps a killing spree that would have no type of harsh As it stands， it is difficult to lose one loved one， but the thought of losing several would be a Match has launched a second opposition party called CATCH (Coalition Against The Cloning of Humans) Together both MATCH and CATCH joined forces with MCD (Movement for Christian Democracy) All three opposition parties have a concern about the mutation of This is because the technique's are extremely The main worry is the possibility that the genetic material used from the adult will continue to age so that the genes in a newborn clone could be more on the day of birth， this is what the cloning of Dolly It took 277 attempts to clone Dolly， the clones before her were disfigured and contained severe The Catholic Church， Pope John Paul II made a recent statement against cloning of all life The Vatican issued statement specifically condemning the cloning of humans but has not come out officially against cloning of other If God would have wanted us to clone ourselves， he would of given us a way for a-sexual But because we were made to reproduce bi-sexually， this is the only way we should continue to do However， in contrast to the opinions of their peers， some Jewish and Muslim religious leaders testified before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission that they feel that embryo and cloning research might provide discoveries that would lead to an appropriate way to counter Others feel that the emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother， and her sister， will they be one in the same? Then there is the possibility of For example， if a father sees his wife's clone grow up into the exact replica (by appearance) of the individual he fell in love with， would a sexual relationship with his wife's twin be wrong? Technically there would be no incest， however， if he raised this child as his own， it would be hard to Cloning denies an individual to their own unique Croning believes that there would be no line drawn， cloning would go too For example， if there is anticipation of a war， would it be ethical to clone "soldiers"? Creating an army to win a war， using these "soldiers" as a type of disposable robot to fight and help And finally the majority of the anti-cloning population believes that although cloning may produce and individual with the same genetic inheritance， it is not possible to replicate the environment in which the individual was The individuals environment is where the talents become enough to become "" As said many times before， "We are a product of our "
