下面的是与海运有关的保险： Risks & Coverage险别 (1)free from particular average (FPA)平安险 (2)with particular average (WA)水渍险（基本险） (3)all risk 一切险（综合险） (4)total loss only (TLO) 全损险 (5)war risk 战争险 (6)cargo(extended cover)clauses货物（扩展）条款 (7)additional risk 附加险 (8)from warehouse to warehouse clauses仓至仓条款 (9)theft，pilferage and nondelivery (TPND)盗窃提货不着险 (10)rain fresh water damage 淡水雨淋险 (11)risk of shortage 短量险 (12)risk of contamination 沾污险 (13)risk of leakage 渗漏险 (14)risk of clashing & breakage碰损破碎险 (15)risk of odour 串味险 (16)damage caused by sweating and/or heating 受潮受热险 (17)hook damage 钩损险 (18)loss and/or damage caused by breakage of packing包装破裂险 (19)risk of rusting 锈损险 (20)risk of mould 发霉险 (21)strike， riots and civel commotion (SRCC) 罢工、暴动、民变险 (22)risk of spontaneous combustion 自燃险 (23)deterioration risk 腐烂变质险 (24)inherent vice risk 内在缺陷险 (25)risk of natural loss or normal loss途耗或自然损耗险 (26)special additional risk 特别附加险 (27)failure to delivery 交货不到险 (28)import duty 进口关税险 (29)on deck 仓面险 (30)rejection 拒收险 (31)aflatoxin 黄曲霉素险 (32)fire risk extension clause-for storage of cargo at destination Hongkong， including Kowloon， or Macao 出口货物到香港（包括九龙在内）或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条款 (33)survey in customs risk 海关检验险 (34)survey at jetty risk 码头检验险 这篇文的第三段应该对您有帮助： Ocean Marine Insurance Insurance is a contract whereby one party， inconsideration of a premium paid， undertakes to indemnify the other party against loss from certain perils or risks to which the subject matter insured may be exposed It is an extensive subject and ocean marine insurance is only a small part of private Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargoes， both on the high seas and on inland NEED FOR INSURANCE Exporters and importers face all the time uncertainties of loss of their Insurance is used to protect their financial interests against such risks and actual losses．Trade and insurance can and do exist independently， but in proper context， insurance is an indispensable Without adequate insurance and protection of the interests of those with goods in transit， international trade would be negatively COVERAGE OF OCEAN MARINE INSURANCE By purchasing insurance， the assured protects his financial interests against three things: the risk of loss， the actual loss and the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce 1）Risks Two types of risks are covered by ocean marine The first type is the perils of the sea that include both natural calamities and fortuitous Natural calamities refer to earthquake， heavy weather such as hurricane and thunderstorm， These events should be exceptional to some extent and the ordinary action of the wind and waves are not considered natural Fortuitous accidents include fire， smoking， stranding， sinking， collision， However， fire caused by inherent vice or nature of the cargo is All the perils must occur at sea and must be because of sea， otherwise the insurance will not cover them．A vessel intentionally sunk by its owner， for example， is not an accident because of sea and therefore will not be covered by ocean marine Similarly， natural deterioration and wear and tear are not perils of sea The second type of risks covered is extraneous These risks include ordinary risks such as theft， pilferage， rain damage， shortage， breakage， etc and special risks such as strike， war， failure to deliver， 2) Losses Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses， partial loss and total Partial loss means the total loss of part of the insured cargo (eg， the loss of one case out of a shipment of ten) or the damage to all or part of the insured Total loss can be classified into actual total loss or constructive total Actual total loss means the non-existence of the insured cargo in Constructive total loss， however， means the subject matter insured is reasonably abandoned on account of its actual total loss appearing to be unavoidable or because it would not be preserved from actual total loss without tan expenditure greater than its recovered In other words， it is unlikely to recover the subject matter or the cost of recovery will exceed the value of the subject 3) Expenses Ocean marine insurance also covers some expenses incurred in reducing the loss of the subject matter insured either by the assured himself or a party other than the insurer and/or the This encourages efforts to save the subject matter MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENERAL CARGO INSURANCE 1) Free from Particular Average（FPA) of China Insurance Clauses (CIC， effective January 1， 1981) Before going to FPA， average terms need to be The word average has a special meaning in cargo It means partial loss or non-total loss to a ship or cargo， and partial loss in turn means 1) total loss of part of the insured cargo or 2) damage to all or part of the insured Particular average means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property (ship or cargo) and general average means a sacrifice made for the common safety of both the cargo and the Partial damage of cargo by sea water is， for instance， a particular average， while partial damage of cargo by water that has been used to put out a fire is a general average since the damage has been made in order to save both the ship and the cargo on board the ship of all the cargo (Of course， the damage caused by the fire is still a particular average) Particular average is recoverable from the insurance underwriter， if it has been covered; but general average is spread among the interests affected and all including owners whose property does not sustain a loss must make proportionate contributions， which are then recovered from the insurance A general average must be a partial， deliberate and reasonable sacrifice of the ship， freight， or goods， undertaken for the common safety of the adventure， in time of peril and/or extraordinary expenditure with the like object such as the charges for towing a stranded Free from Particular Average then means no partial loss or damage is It provides coverage only for total loss of cargo together with ship or aircraft and general FPA is the minimum coverage and offers limited However， there are two exceptions in which partial loss or damage is First， if the lost object is a separate package in a shipment such as one case out of a ten-case shipment， partial loss or damage is And if the vessel or craft is stranded， Sunk or burnt， partial loss or damage is also Therefore FPA actually covers part of partial China Insurance Clauses are very similar to Institute Cargo Clauses (ICC， effective January 1， 1982) made by the Institute of London Underwriters and widely used around the ICC (C)， for example， has the same coverage as CIC FPA except for damage of package during loading and/or 2) With Average/With Particular Average (WA/WPA) of CIC WA provides cover against all loss or damage due to marine perils or perils of the sea including partial loss or damage throughout the duration of the This coverage provides protection against damage from sea water caused by "heavy weather" ICC (B) has the same coverage plus damage of package during loading and/or ICC (B) and (C) provide cover against specified risks 3) All Risks (AR) of CIC Besides the risks covered by FPA and WA， All Risks also provides cover against some extraneous risks of loss or damage (eg， theft， pilferage and non-delivery， fresh water rain damage， risk of shortage， risk of intermixture and contamination， leakage risk， clashing and breakage risk， hook damage， loss and/or damage by breakage of packing， rusting risk) However， risks of war， strike and loss or damage or expense proximately caused by delay or inherent vice or nature of the subject matter insured are not ICC (A) provides cover against all risks that are not specifically excluded and is similar to AR of CIC 4) Special additional coverage Besides the above categories of coverage， both CIC and ICC have some additional coverage’ For example， CIC has coverage against failure to deliver risk， import duty risk， on deck risk， war risks， and strikes and so These additional coverage’s must be taken out together with FPA， WA or AR ICC also provides coverage against war risks， strike and other risks， but war risks and strikes can be taken out 5) Exclusions of insurance policy Insurance policies have excluded the coverage against some These exclusions are the loss or damage by risks such as inherent vice or deterioration， insufficient or unsuitable packing， delay and loss of market， CARGO INSURANCE CLAIMS 1) Procedures Cargo insurance claim includes a few steps as listed The assured should not give clean receipts when goods are in dubious The assured should give immediate notice to the nearest branch or agency in the event of damage giving rise to a This notice means that a claim has been A delay in giving the notice， on the other hand， might result in the underwriter's refusal to process the Insurance company will appoint a suitable surveyor to inspect the goods and report on the nature and extent of the damage， usually a report or certificate of loss is issued to the assured who pays a fee for The assured should send claim paper to the insurance company with the The inspection fee is refunded if the loss is It is of vital importance that the assured must be able to prove a loss by a peril against which he was 2) Documents required The following documents are usually required in processing a claim for Original insurance certificate or policy Original B/L， AW (3 or other contract of carriage) Export invoice Survey report or other documentary evidence detailing the loss or damage Any exchange of correspondence with carriers and other parties regarding their liability for the loss or damage Any landing account or weight notes at final destination
