菁菁super5man
如果你不急用,三月22号左右我可以让你见到大量的资料,到时我会在我的网页上发布资料。我只是不想在这里公开我宝贵的环保资料。先把分送给我吧,都是做研究的,交个朋友!
pony080808
日本环保深入人心 来到日本旅游的人常常可以看到青山绿草的景区里树立着“请游客把垃圾随身带走”的标牌。在北海道的国立湿地保护区,我们发现湿地里铺设了几公里长的木板小道,游客们都自觉步行在这些小道上,没有一个人践踏湿地。 学会倒垃圾 在日本居住,一定要学会一件事:倒垃圾。在我生活的社区,周一和周四是倒“可燃垃圾”的日子,周二倒“不可燃垃圾”,周五倒旧报纸、瓶瓶罐罐等“可回收垃圾”。在楼下信箱处,贴着一张垃圾分类说明。附近的小超市都设有回收专桶,除了饮料瓶之外,喝完的牛奶纸盒包装也在专门的回收之列。 日本在进入最发达国家行列的同时,拥有了工业大国中最高的人均寿命和森林覆盖率,以及最发达的环保产业。而循环经济的理念不仅被写进日本的法律条文里,也深深地扎根在普通人心中。 曾是公害国 到过日本的人可能很难想像,如此干净的国家从前可是著名的公害大国。二战后,日本集中力量发展重化学工业。由于缺乏有效的环境管理,伴随经济起飞,日本的环境变得乌烟瘴气,濑户内海也成为了著名的“死海”。 上世纪五、六十年代,由于环境污染造成居民患病的情况在日本比比皆是:在熊本县,由于当地的氮肥厂直接排放含汞废水,污染了水俣海湾而使当地渔民患上了水俣病;在四日市,由于石油化工厂排放废气,导致周围许多居民患哮喘病死亡;在富山,由于当地的铅锌矿在采矿和冶炼中排放含镉废水,许多居民患上了骨痛病。 开始的时候,地方政府和肇事厂家为了维护自身的经济利益,千方百计地隐瞒实情。这招致了人们的强烈抗议。于是,在各方的推动下,除了颁布一系列环境保护法令以外,日本政府还力图用文化理念去促进国人自觉的环保意识。 企业也环保 环保理念也深深植根于日本大企业的生产过程中。在参观丰田汽车公司厂房时,我们发现,工厂污水处理池的最终排放环节竟然被当作一个养鱼池,里面养了很多漂亮的鲤鱼。 同时,日本企业也开发出很多环保产品。日本企业已经掌握了从回收塑料瓶中提取树脂的技术,使作为饮用容器的塑料瓶得以再利用。 目前,为了解决钢材供应日趋紧张的问题,日本企业开始计划用木材来建造高层大厦。木质大厦能够减少环境负担:加工、组装乃至将来的拆迁都比使用混凝土简单,且整个过程没有二氧化碳的排放,而且,拆除后的木材还可以再利用。 希望日本所积累的经验和教训能让正在发展中的我国少走弯路,实现环境与经济的“双赢”。环保的日本 10月4日至12日,我们广东省大学生代表团对日本进行了为期九天的访问。在日本,我们游览了大阪、京都、神户、横滨、东京等地的名胜,还参观了神户市环境未来馆、人类与未来防灾中心等地方。通过几天的亲眼所见、亲耳所闻及亲身体会让我对日本有了更进一步的了解。 其中印象最深的莫过于日本城市街道的整洁。同样是人口密集的现代化大都市,我们广州在高层建筑、立体交通等城市硬件基础设施上或许并不逊色于东京、横滨,但城市的卫生状况却差得很远。在广州的任何一个地方都可以看到被人们随手丢弃的纸巾、饮料瓶等垃圾,建筑物的外墙也多斑驳不堪,而在日本的街道处处都非常整洁,不见一点垃圾,房屋也是整齐而干净,就连公共厕所也一尘不染没有一点异味。更让我感到不可思议的是,日本的大街上几乎看不到垃圾箱,更不用说大型垃圾站了。别说是在银座、新宿等繁华街头,即便是在居民住宅区,除了饮料自动售货机旁会设置一些供丢弃饮料瓶、罐的专用垃圾箱外你都找不到垃圾箱。据说日本人通常是把垃圾放在塑料袋中带回家。比如,homestay的那天,接待我的凉子小姐到神户来接我去姬路。由于感冒,一路上我用了好几张纸巾。当我问她这些纸巾要扔去哪里,她很为难的告诉我垃圾箱很难找,还是先拿在手上等到了家再扔。虽然一路上带着垃圾多少会让我这个初来乍到的外国人觉得不方便,但是客观地讲这种做法确实保证了城市整体的卫生整洁。如果我们国家能推出类似这样的“把垃圾带回家”的政策,我一定积极响应,努力推动。 参观了神户市环境未来馆之后我对日本的垃圾处理问题有了更详细的了解。日本早在十多年前就把垃圾分为可燃垃圾和不可燃垃圾两类进行回收,现在对垃圾的分类则更为细致。就兵库县来讲,他们要求居民把生活垃圾划分成6类,甚至于连饮料瓶都要分成玻璃瓶、塑料瓶、铝罐等单独处理。并还要求居民在丢弃这些瓶瓶罐罐之前要将其冲洗干净。不同的垃圾要在每周不同的日子分开扔,且各种垃圾必须在当天早上8点之前扔在指定的垃圾收集处,如果错过了时间就只有等下次收同类垃圾时再扔。据环境未来馆的工作人员介绍,像神户市这样把垃圾分为6类在全日本来说其实根本算不上什么。日本南部的上胜町镇几年以前就已经对垃圾进行了34种分类,这个数字现在更上升到了44种之多。 另外日本对于如何扔垃圾还有许多具体的规定。比如,生活垃圾要用专门的垃圾袋装好并封口,这种垃圾袋对环境无污染,一般的商店都有出售。危险品如刀、碎玻璃等要用报纸包好,并贴上写有很醒目的“危险”字样的标签。大型包装用纸箱等则要展平,并用绳子系好。如果家中有什么大型物品要扔,比如家具、大型电器等,还要购买专门的大型垃圾处理券贴在上面,否则会被拒收。 如此复杂的垃圾分类方法听起来也让人头痛,所以日本的儿童从小就要学习正确处理垃圾的方法。比如我们参观的神户市环境未来馆(Kobe City Resource Recycle Center)就是免费向人们开放的,很多小学生、中学生会在修学旅行的时候到这里参观。里面的讲解人员都是一些做义工的退休的老人家,他们会非常热情地、不厌其烦地告诉你分类处理垃圾的重要性,并教你如何区分不同的垃圾。确实,要在日本生活就必须学会处理垃圾。对于不按规定处理垃圾的人,一般政府就会派人上门拜访、说服。 日本是一个大量生产、大量消费、大量丢弃的社会,为此日本政府及各界处处注意加强人们的环保意识。政府的宣传从以前的1R(recycle)转变为3R(reduce、reuse、recycle),也就是说首先要减少垃圾数量,其次是提倡重复使用和修理后使用,延长物品的使用寿命,最后才是资源的循环再生利用。在日常生活方面,比如,各种商品的包装上都印有保护环境的宣传语。在啤酒罐上,除了印有提醒未成年人不得饮酒的字外,最明显的标志就是“这是铝制品,请您配合回收”。就连人们平时使用的名片上,都堂而皇之地印上了“这是用再生纸印制”的字样。 回头来看我们中国,据说目前我国现存的生活垃圾超过60亿吨,工业垃圾66亿吨,而且每年正以1.3亿吨的速度递增。人均垃圾产量每天达到0.7公斤-1.2公斤。我们国家的垃圾处理问题严峻而迫切,在这个问题上日本人的做法确实有很多值得我们借鉴和学习的地方。日本的环保农业 环保农业是由集约农业发展而来的,由于经济方面的问题,日本和其他发达国家一样,正相继出台了一些具体政策来促进环保农业的发展,同时加大宣传力度,加强国民的环保意识,以期尽早实现农业的持续发展。 日本的水稻研究居世界先进水平,水稻生产也有其自身的特色。随着人口的增长对产量的要求也越来越高,土壤养分趋于不足,需要把人畜粪尿、植物残体等用作堆厩肥施入水田,这样一来,容易造成河流、湖泊、封闭性海域的富营养化,饮用水也可能受到污染。因此,有关专家从水出发构想了环保农业的具体姿态。 水的净化。沿水流的净化及废水的重复利用:一方面,活化水田净化机能,利用还原土实现硝酸还原;另一方面,利用水渠河岸的植物除去营养物质。 水的循环利用净化:地下水通过管道灌溉旱田,其营养物质就被土壤及作物吸收而净化,这种情况某些程度上需要有灌溉用蓄水池,和为抑制藻类的发生而配备的适宜的装置。 建立地域水循环体系:将地域内地下水和地表水结合起来考虑,建立一个适当的地域水循环体系,以除去地域整体的富营养物质。为使地域外的负荷达到最小,而在地域内设计一个以农业为中心的地域环保计划,发展环保型农业。 有机废弃物的地域内循环处理。在地域环保型农业中,地域内产生的有机废弃物要在地域内循环处理,或利用耕地的还原作用使地域环境得以净化。 有机废弃物主要有如下几种类型:畜产废弃物,以生产自给饲料,首要的是将畜产废弃物施入耕地以维持其肥力,如价格适宜,也可考虑将这种处理推向市场。特别要注意的是饲料中的重金属添加及抗生粉的使用要适度。 污泥,生活废水、屎尿、村落排水中的污泥根据性状和条件尽可能地进行适宜的耕地还原处理,但要符合一定的质地基准,与重金属等有关的肥料取缔法、土壤环境基准等对污泥的处理也有所限制。目前耕地还原量只占污泥量的三分之一,预计以后随着生活物质的改善、住宅建设和水道设计的发展,污泥利用率会大大提高。 食品产业,工、矿业副产物和废弃物,食品产业副产物一般都做有机质肥料利用,预计随着环保农业的强化,耕地还原量也会越来越高。工、矿业副产废弃物如硫铵、氯铵、硅酸石灰等通过在农业上直接施用或经土壤循环而得以处理。 作物生产过程。建立地域内物质循环处理体系的基础是地域内作物的生产过程。这种基础决定了环境容量,成为地域环境计划的根本所在。日本把有机、轮作、施有肥农业视为环保农业的核心,有机物是维持地力之本,轮作可以避免连作障碍,施肥可以调节作物的生长状况。 农药对使用者的危害及环境的影响不容忽视,日本地下水屡次查出超标有害物质。因此,日本限制在饮用水源附近空中撒播农药,从而避免引起天敌的减少,提倡进行病虫害的综合防治,降低环境负荷。日本专家认为,由于不施用土壤消毒剂而使得轮作等措施对产量的增加不明显,也应算作环保农业。 日本的环保农业计划把“有机农业”作为其中一方面加以促进。典型的有机农业是无农药、无化肥的作物栽培。环保农业吸收了有机农业的成果的同时,拟探索一条把粮食供给和环保分离开来的途径。日本人环保意识强 凡是到过日本的人,无论是常住,还是短期访问或旅游,几乎都对日本良好的环保状况留下了深刻的印象。那里山清水秀天蓝,能绿的地方都变绿了,甚至许多楼房屋顶也栽上了花草。据日本官方公布的统计数字,日本的绿化覆盖率高达66%以上。由于绿色拥抱着日本,即使刮大风,也无尘土飞扬,多年来,日本从没有发生过沙暴、尘暴。 据报道,日本重视环境保护也走过不短的弯路。二次大战后日本百业待兴,为了改变极为严重的困难局面,在恢复经济的过程中,日本政府几乎没有考虑过如何保护环境的问题,在六七十年代经济高速增长时期,曾频频发生破坏环境的事件,空气污浊,环境脏乱,人们的健康也受到了威胁。日本政府总结经验教训,一直把环保问题列入政府的重要议事日程。 改变观念加强环保意识是解决环保问题的关键,为此,日本政府首先从孩子抓起。从小学到高中,环保都是学生的必修课。孩子们不仅在学校学习环保知识,学校还组织学生们走出校门,如组织学生作垃圾问题的社会调查,或组织他们参观垃圾处理场和污水处理厂等,以增加孩子们的环保知识和意识。就是组织学生外出旅游,有的学校也不忘记在学生之间展开一项竞赛,看在旅游景点里哪个班级离开时比初到时更干净。另外,学校还定期与家长沟通,要求学生家长配合学校做好对学生的环保教育。不少学校定期搞一些如废品回收等与环保有关的活动,让学生和家长将家里的废旧报纸、塑料罐头盒等废弃物带到学校,由学校和家长联席会把旧物资送到回收站,所得款项再给学生购买一些学习用品。经过常年不懈的努力,重视环保成了日本人生活的一部分。 为了妥善并及时处理垃圾,日本政府还采取了一些具体措施。以东京为例,市政府将垃圾分为“可燃物”、“不可燃物”以及玻璃瓶和铁铝罐等类,并统一发放回收桶,要求居民按不同类别将垃圾放入不同的垃圾箱内。尽管分类放垃圾比较麻烦,由于人们环保意识比较强,大家还都是很认真地去做。另外,日本有关部门将垃圾回收箱放到了一切可以放的地方,如商店、公园、停车场、街头、广场等,垃圾回收箱在日本几乎是随处可见,并有专人负责。 日本吸烟的人不少,有报道说烟民人数占日本总人口的38.9%,但在地铁、电梯、宾馆走廊、商场等公共场所是不允许抽烟的,人们也都自觉遵守规定。有的烟民烟瘾很大,为了解决烟灰问题,他们外出都随身带着塑料或金属做的烟灰盒,绝不随地丢弃烟蒂。为减少汽车尾气,日本政府鼓励市民以自行车代步,并规定自行车可走人行道,以避免发生交通事故。 工业废料是造成环境污染的重要原因。为此,日本有关部门采用了新的监视系统,利用全球定位系统(GPS)跟踪运送废料的卡车的路径,卡车上装有传感器,对有怀疑的工地不间断地摄取卫星照片来核查土地形状的变化,从而查出那些违法倾倒工业废料的场所。 由于环保问题日益得到重视,日本企业的环保观念也在发生变化。许多企业开始从过去被迫遵守环境法规到现在自觉地加强环境保护。人们逐渐认识到,环境保护问题不仅影响全局,也决定企业的生死存亡。1999年以来,日本的“环境会计”制度在企业中迅速普及,实现“零排放”的企业在逐渐增多。 特别值得一提的是,近年来,日本相继制定了《容器包装循环法》、《家庭电器循环法》、《再生资源利用促进法》等一系列法律法规,逐步完善了环境保护方面的法制。目前,日本政府拟订的《循环型社会基本法》(草案)正在起步,这一法案的实施将使日本从现代经济社会转向“循环型经济社会”。现代经济社会最大特征是“大量生产、大量消费和大量废弃”,经济开发与环境破坏同步进行;而“循环型经济社会”特征是“最优生产、最优消费和最少废弃”的可持续发展。“循环型经济社会”的确立将导致产业结构的重大变革和科学技术发展方向的转变,并给经济带来新的增长点,创造新的市场。日本通产省估计,到2010年,与环境有关的市场规模将从现在的15万亿日元增加到37万亿日元,就业人数会从现在的64万人增加到140万人。日本经济计划厅预测,到2020年,环境产业将是日本经济增长的重要支柱之一。重视环保已经成为日本举国上下共同关心的大问题。
好吃不懒做也
巴西: 将建环境仲裁院巴西《圣保罗州报》9月13日报道,巴西将在里约热内卢建立该国的第一个环境仲裁院。这个将在10月份正式开始运作的仲裁院,是由一些环保领域的律师和专家组成的。目的是为目前巴西各级机构以及法人和自然人之间广泛存在的环境保护方面的争端提供一个快捷方便的解决手段。即将出任仲裁院院长的阿尔弗莱多·罗德里格斯律师说:“在巴西,对环保纠纷进行仲裁仍是一块处女地。因此,我们这个团体将完全由专家组成,他们都具有仲裁员资格,能够作出足够权威的裁决。”罗德里格斯表示,环境仲裁院是一个民间组织,不从属于任何司法机构,只是依据有关的法律来工作。德国:将对饮料瓶征税最近出版的《欧洲环境观察》上的一份报告说,为提高可重新使用的饮料瓶的利用率,德国准备对一次性饮料瓶征税,每个瓶子的征税额度从0.15~0.30德国马克不等。德国包装行业条例规定:以瓶数计算,所售出饮料的72%要使用可重新使用的饮料瓶。但1999年的市场调查显示这一比例尚未达到,而且对1991~1998年罐装啤酒的销售趋势进行分析,发现罐装啤酒销售量在整个啤酒销售量的比例,已由最初的12%上升到了20.5%。因此,对尤其是啤酒和矿泉水等饮料的包装瓶进行征税,是很有必要的,虽然德国包装工业界强烈反对这样做。德国环境部进行的一项研究显示:可重新使用的聚乙烯对苯二酸酯瓶子,比可重新使用的玻璃瓶子对环境更有益。虽然前者只能平均使用15次,而后者使用次数达50次,但如果考虑到运输过程这一因素,那么,1只70克的聚乙烯对苯二酸酯瓶子对环境的影响,要比总重量为600克的玻璃瓶子对环境的影响要小。日本:环境会计制度迅速普及日本环境省日前发表的调查结果表明,到2001年3月底,已有350家企业采用了环境会计制度,比一年前增加了12倍,这表明企业正在增加环境保护投资,并且利用其效果提高企业经营的效率。此次调查的对象是在股票交易所上市的企业及从业人员在500名以上的非上市企业,共6400家。调查表明,到2001年3月底,已经有350家企业采用了这一新的会计制度,此外,还有650家企业计划采用这一制度。环境会计制度最早是从欧美国家兴起来的,近年才传入日本。它是一种把用于环境保护的投资和由此而获得的经济效益作定量性的测定、分析和加以公布的制度。环境保护问题已成为企业经营中不可忽视的重要因素,因此有越来越多的企业把它列为经营管理项目之一。为了促进和规范这一企业活动,日本政府于2000年制定了《引进环境会计系统指南》。曼谷:“垃圾银行”一举数得“垃圾和毒品”是泰国首都曼谷的两大“癌症”。可走进曼谷市热闹的班加比区的苏珊26社区,令人惊讶的竟然是不再到处是垃圾,也很少再见到吸毒少年的踪迹。这大概应归功于这里设立的“垃圾银行”。苏珊26社区专门鼓励区内闲游的少年儿童去搜集垃圾,再教他们依照垃圾分类法把垃圾分类装袋,然后交给垃圾银行,他们因此所得的报酬都要储存在垃圾银行里,每3个月计算一次利息——不是现金,而是上学必需品。新加坡人:10年不吃口香糖1992年新加坡政府颁布了进口及销售口香糖的禁令,之所以出台这样的禁令主要是因为有一些缺乏公德意识的人四处乱丢口香糖残渣,政府担心它会影响地铁列车和电梯的操作。饱受口香糖残渣之苦的公众也对口香糖表示出了反感。同时也是出于对维护花园城市清洁的考虑。不过,需要澄清的是,在新加坡吃口香糖并不属于犯法的行为,政府对此也没有作任何明文规定,只要你买得到便可以尽情享用。新加坡政府做了严格的规定,那些走私口香糖的人将被处以一年的监禁和最高达1万美元的罚款,当然那些少量的携带者不算在内。游客带一些供自己食用也是允许的。到今年,这项法令实施已快10年了,新加坡人早就习惯了没有口香糖的生活。街上大大小小的商店里根本见不到口香糖的踪影,公共场所基本上也很难再看到口香糖的残渣。在节假日里,新加坡人偶尔会去临近的马来西亚购买一些口香糖,回家后“偷偷”享用。
!首席12333
The development of environmental accounting research in China started late, until the 20th century until the late 80s the introduction of environmental accounting theory. 90 years, only started one after another, presentations, the introduction of environmental accounting articles appear. 1994 Chinese Government formulated the "China Agenda 21 - Population, Resources and the Environment" white paper. 17 Great report will be sustainable development, defined as the social, economic, and environmental development of the basic strategic objectives, to develop ecological economy, resulting in our customers to request the establishment of environmental accounting system to ensure that the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development and eco-economic development needs. But so far, China's research on environmental accounting is not yet formed a complete system. At present, the state of pollution of major enterprises such as mining, chemical industry, oil and gas companies and other major sewage charges by the environmental protection departments in order to strengthen environmental protection. However, these costs and does not meet the expenditure required to restore the environment. Of natural resources consumed by an enterprise, in addition to the compensation fee collected by the state, resource tax endures, natural resources are free to use, while the mineral resources such as the value relative to the resources, only a very small part of it. At the same time stipulated by the state to sell or own resources, the number of products the number of products as the number of assessment, so that the use of resources is ignored, resulting in waste of resources. At present the cost of business expenditure on environment-related accounting treatment generally credited to the management fees, other operating expenses, sales charges, only a few credited the cost of production, so that enterprises can not occur in a targeted manner to its deal with environmental problems, there is no tax and other incentives to reach a fundamental environmental management initiative. Japan has been the disclosure of environmental accounting information as an enterprise of foreign reporting is an important part of their walk in the forefront of Asia and the world, the Japanese government from the recycling-based economic and social development can proceed, has developed a variety of environmental laws, regulations, decrees more than 700 species, for the implementation of environmental accounting has laid a legal basis. In 1997 the Japanese Ministry of Environment issued a grasp on the cost of environmental protection and public principles and rules of Japanese companies on the environment arising from the increasing emphasis on accounting, some companies publish environmental reports in succession. Since 1999, the Japanese Government formulated or revised based on the "recycling-based society, the Basic Law," led by a series of closely related and corporate environmental accounting laws and regulations. In conclusion, on the basis of the above-mentioned temporary notice, again in March 2000 issued the "Environmental Accounting Guidelines." This "Guide" non-mandatory, the purpose is to establish a standard definition of environmental accounting, and "provides information on the format of the disclosure of environmental accounting." "Environmental Accounting Guide" The core content of the environmental costs and their effects. Japan Special Committee in 1999 published "The Development and Construction of environmental accounting: Heisei 11-year interim report." In the same year, published "The development of environmental accounting and the construction of the Special Committee Report" on the environment-related information to explain the accounting accounts table. In April 2001, Japan has promulgated and implemented the "PRTR Law" (the movement of environmental pollutants, emissions registration system), to require all businesses must be registered as an object 354 kinds of chemical substances to achieve an accurate grasp of the number of truthful reporting. And 250 of the 199 listed companies environmental reports, copies of a survey of Japanese companies in recent years, each of these reports in detail the development of the environmental costs, environmental effects, cost-effective measurement range and measurement standards. In August 2001, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment on the stock exchange listed companies and their employees more than 500 non-listed companies a total of 6400 survey, a year ago to accompany an increase of 3, in addition, there are 650 companies plan to adopt the system. From the development trend, Japan's internal environmental accounting research showed the cost of the new changes, began to study and discuss the cost of the upstream and downstream business costs, have gradually started an enterprise product life-cycle research. There are indications that Japan's environmental accounting is to the universal, standardized development, and environmental accounting in developed countries in the world have demonstrated the development of distinctive national characteristics. In Japan, the environmental accounting is independent of the outside of corporate financial accounting, the Japanese enterprises to adopt environmental accounting information disclosure mode is separately disclosed the preparation of environmental reports, the current preparation and reporting of environmental reporting is independent of the annual financial reports, the voluntary provision of enterprise reported, there is a unified format, can better reflect the overall sense of environmental accounting information, intuitive, and information users can easily be full and complete understanding and grasp the business environment for accounting information. U.S. environmental laws and regulations on fast, enacted laws and regulations related to environmental issues, mainly the "Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Debt Law," "Clean Air Act" and its amendments, "the Clean Water Act," "toxic substances Control Act "and so on.哥们成了能加点分不,翻译不容易啊
满天星RF
The development of environmental accounting research in China started late, until the 20th century until the late 80s the introduction of environmental accounting theory. 90 years, only started one after another, presentations, the introduction of environmental accounting articles appear. 1994 Chinese Government formulated the "China Agenda 21 - Population, Resources and the Environment" white paper. 17 Great report will be sustainable development, defined as the social, economic, and environmental development of the basic strategic objectives, to develop ecological economy, resulting in our customers to request the establishment of environmental accounting system to ensure that the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development and eco-economic development needs. But so far, China's research on environmental accounting is not yet formed a complete system. At present, the state of pollution of major enterprises such as mining, chemical industry, oil and gas companies and other major sewage charges by the environmental protection departments in order to strengthen environmental protection. However, these costs and does not meet the expenditure required to restore the environment. Of natural resources consumed by an enterprise, in addition to the compensation fee collected by the state, resource tax endures, natural resources are free to use, while the mineral resources such as the value relative to the resources, only a very small part of it. At the same time stipulated by the state to sell or own resources, the number of products the number of products as the number of assessment, so that the use of resources is ignored, resulting in waste of resources. At present the cost of business expenditure on environment-related accounting treatment generally credited to the management fees, other operating expenses, sales charges, only a few credited the cost of production, so that enterprises can not occur in a targeted manner to its deal with environmental problems, there is no tax and other incentives to reach a fundamental environmental management initiative. Japan has been the disclosure of environmental accounting information as an enterprise of foreign reporting is an important part of their walk in the forefront of Asia and the world, the Japanese government from the recycling-based economic and social development can proceed, has developed a variety of environmental laws, regulations, decrees more than 700 species, for the implementation of environmental accounting has laid a legal basis. In 1997 the Japanese Ministry of Environment issued a grasp on the cost of environmental protection and public principles and rules of Japanese companies on the environment arising from the increasing emphasis on accounting, some companies publish environmental reports in succession. Since 1999, the Japanese Government formulated or revised based on the "recycling-based society, the Basic Law," led by a series of closely related and corporate environmental accounting laws and regulations. In conclusion, on the basis of the above-mentioned temporary notice, again in March 2000 issued the "Environmental Accounting Guidelines." This "Guide" non-mandatory, the purpose is to establish a standard definition of environmental accounting, and "provides information on the format of the disclosure of environmental accounting." "Environmental Accounting Guide" The core content of the environmental costs and their effects. Japan Special Committee in 1999 published "The Development and Construction of environmental accounting: Heisei 11-year interim report." In the same year, published "The development of environmental accounting and the construction of the Special Committee Report" on the environment-related information to explain the accounting accounts table. In April 2001, Japan has promulgated and implemented the "PRTR Law" (the movement of environmental pollutants, emissions registration system), to require all businesses must be registered as an object 354 kinds of chemical substances to achieve an accurate grasp of the number of truthful reporting. And 250 of the 199 listed companies environmental reports, copies of a survey of Japanese companies in recent years, each of these reports in detail the development of the environmental costs, environmental effects, cost-effective measurement range and measurement standards. In August 2001, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment on the stock exchange listed companies and their employees more than 500 non-listed companies a total of 6400 survey, a year ago to accompany an increase of 3, in addition, there are 650 companies plan to adopt the system. From the development trend, Japan's internal environmental accounting research showed the cost of the new changes, began to study and discuss the cost of the upstream and downstream business costs, have gradually started an enterprise product life-cycle research. There are indications that Japan's environmental accounting is to the universal, standardized development, and environmental accounting in developed countries in the world have demonstrated the development of distinctive national characteristics. In Japan, the environmental accounting is independent of the outside of corporate financial accounting, the Japanese enterprises to adopt environmental accounting information disclosure mode is separately disclosed the preparation of environmental reports, the current preparation and reporting of environmental reporting is independent of the annual financial reports, the voluntary provision of enterprise reported, there is a unified format, can better reflect the overall sense of environmental accounting information, intuitive, and information users can easily be full and complete understanding and grasp the business environment for accounting information. U.S. environmental laws and regulations on fast, enacted laws and regulations related to environmental issues, mainly the "Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Debt Law," "Clean Air Act" and its amendments, "the Clean Water Act," "toxic substances Control Act "and so on. O(∩_∩)O哈哈哈~好吧!!!!
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