罗成or房谋杜断
（一）发挥政府在环境会计建设中的推动作用改革开放以来，我国经济得到了前所未有的发展，但与此同时也对环境造成了极大的破坏，经济发展与环境污染并存的态势在我国表现相当明显。值得庆幸的是我国政府已经认识到这个问题的严重性，开始重视环境保护工作，并采取了一系列措施。特别是党的“十六大”后提出构建社会主义和谐社会，更是要求：加强环境治理保护，促进人与自然相和谐。优化产业结构，发展循环经济，推广清洁生产，节约能源资源，依法淘汰落后工艺技术和生产能力，从源头上控制环境污染。实施重大生态建设和环境整治工程，有效遏制生态环境恶化趋势。加快环境科技创新，加强污染专项整治，强化污染物排放总量控制，重点搞好水、大气、土壤等污染防治。完善有利于环境保护的产业政策、财税政策、价格政策，建立生态环境评价体系和补偿机制，强化企业和全社会节约资源、保护环境的责任。完善环境保护法律法规和管理体系，严格环境执法，加强环境监测，定期公布环境状况信息，严肃处罚违法行为。在环境会计的建设和发展当中，目前我国政府已开始着手从宏观层面启动环境会计，我们完全有理由相信，无须太久，我国企业也将走向披露环境会计信息的道路，构建一个具有中国特色的环境会计体系。（二）加强环境会计的宣传教育以提高民众的环保意识环境问题是关系全人类、全社会的大事，在我国环境保护是一项基本国策，但是，我国民众环境保护意识相对较薄弱。而环境会计的建设和发展离不开民众较高的环境保护意识。只有不断加强环境会计的宣传和环境保护知识的教育，才能提高全社会的环境保护意识，才能在社会上形成人人讲环保、人人参与环保的良好氛围，才会有更多的人去研究和发展环境会计，才会有更多的人参与到环境会计建设当中来，才能推动环境会计理论和实务水平的提高。（三）加强对环境会计理论和实务研究在环境会计理论和实务研究方面，西方发达国家一直走在我们前面。因此，我们应加强环境会计的国际交流和合作，积极主动地参与环境会计的国际化进程，吸收国外发达国家环境会计的研究成果，同时充分结合我国国情，开展我国的环境会计研究，构建适合我国国情的环境会计理论体系。（四）完善会计法规并制定具体环境会计准则尽管我国已制定并颁布了不少环境法律法规，但尚未形成一套完整有效的法制体系，涉及环境因素的会计法规几乎是一片空白。现行《会计法》作为指导会计工作的根本规范，未涉及任何环境会计方面的内容。若想成功地推行环境会计，必须完善环境会计法律法规，修改和完善《会计法》，将环境会计核算和监督列入《会计法》，从法律上明确环境会计的地位和作用。将涉及环境的内容列入会计要素，建立环境信息披露规范，完善会计准则和会计制度，制定具体的环境会计准则，使环境会计信息的揭示有统一的标准，在内容上与国际接轨。（五）加速培养环境会计专业人员环境会计学是环境保护学、环境经济学、发展经济学与会计学等多学科交叉渗透而形成的应用学科，这就对会计人员及相关人员提出了新的要求。首先，要加强会计人员的环保意识，引起他们对环境会计的重视，只有这样才能使他们具有较强的社会责任感并能够充分认识环境效益与经济效益之间的密切联系，建立、健全适应本企业的环境管理系统，实施环境会计，进而逐步主动、自愿地进行环境会计信息披露。其次，要加强会计人员的环境及环境会计相关知识的培训，更新其传统的知识结构，以便适应环境会计的要求，更好地参与会计管理工作。环境会计作为现代会计的一项新内容，对会计人员的素质尤其是业务素质和工作能力提出了更高的要求。这就要求会计人员扩展自己的知识面，更新传统会计下的知识结构，学习并掌握环境科学、环境经济学、发展经济学、资源会计学、环境会计学等知识和技能，分析和掌握企业生产经营业务与环境及环境绩效之间的关系，以便有足够的能力去应付企业在环境会计实施过程中出现的各种问题。（六）建立环境会计审计制度以加强对环境会计的监督加强生态建设，维护生态安全，是21世纪人类面临的共同主题，也是我国经济社会可持续发展的重要基础。当前和今后一个时期，国家必然会加大环境资金的投入，环境会计核算将日趋完善，环境审计也会越来越重要。环境会计主要是以企业为会计主体核算企业对社会资源环境的社会责任的履行情况。企业从自身利益出发，往往不能全面、如实地披露对环境资源的社会责任履行情况。因此，应强化政府有关部门和社会中介机构的环境监督职能。由于目前我国国家审计机关、内部审计机构都没有设立环境审计组织，在《审计法》和其他审计法规以及审计规范中也未作环境审计的相应规定。当前首要的工作就是制订环境会计审计法规,建立环境会计审计制度。由政府或会计师事务所等社会中介机构，依据国家的有关环保法律、法规以及相关的环境会计法规、制度和准则，对企业环境会计信息的合理性、合法性、全面性及真实性进行审查与鉴定，向社会公众充分披露，以促使企业提高环境保护意识，自觉保护环境，进行环境会计的研究推广工作。
xiaoshu20061
从18世纪60年代的英国工业革命开始，日益先进的现代工业在为人类社会提供丰富物质产品的同时，也造成趋严重的环境污染。人类社会发展所依赖的物质资源和生态环境，已呈现出日渐衰竭的征兆，从而使全球经济发展的自然物质基础被动摇。为解决这一矛盾，部分西方经济学家、环境学家、社会学家和生态学家自20世纪70年代开始，着手研究经济和环境的协调发展问题。1971年，比蒙斯（F.A.Beams）在《会计学月刊》上发表了《控制污染的社会成本转换研究》；1973年，马林（J.T.Marlin）在《会计学月刊》第2期上发表了《污染的会计问题》，从此绿色会计的研究和发展逐渐进入人们的视野。1992年，世界环境与发展国家首脑会议通过了保护世界环境的四个纲领性文件，环境问题受到关注；1999年，联合国讨论通过了《环境会计和报告的立场公告》，形成了系统完整的国际环境会计与报告指南。各国政府纷纷研究建立本国的环境会计体系，中国于2001年3月成立了“绿色会计委员会”，2001年6月，经财政部批准，中国会计学会成立了第七个专业委员会--环境会计专业委员会，标志着中国绿色会计研究进入新的阶段。
老李重庆
环境会计产生的环境 回顾环境会计产生和发展二十多年的历史，可以看出环境会计是在自然环境遭受严重破坏、生态环境严重恶化、经济发展的物质基础受到威胁的背景下，人们在分析了传统会计理论和方法的局限性基础上提出的。 环境状况的恶化对经济活动主体提出新的要求。 人类在生产和生活过程中，不断从自然界取得资源，同时又将生产和生活中产生的废物排放到环境中去。随着经济的发展和人口的增长，人类要求从自然界取得的资源越来越多，同时排放到自然界中的废物也越来越多，超过了自然界的承受能力，导致生态破坏、环境污染等一系列环境问题。目前，世界各国都不同程度的存在着环境污染和生态破坏问题，各国的环境问题又共同造成了全球性的环境问题。 面对越来越严重的环境问题，各国提高了对环境问题的重视程度，在世界范围内寻求合作以解决治理环境的国际协调问题。1987年，联合国世界环境与发展委员会提出了可持续发展战略，作为指导各国环境与发展实践的共同战略。所谓可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要，以不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展模式，其实质在于限制、调整人类的各种活动特别是经济活动，在经济社会的发展过程中解决各种环境问题，使经济社会的发展建立在环境资源可以承受的基础上，并促使其充分、持久地发展，从而最大限度地满足当代人和后代人的需要。 我国20年来的改革开放促进了经济发展和国民经济高速增长，创造了巨大的物质财富，人民生活有了较大提高，但由于对资源开发强度过大，造成环境污染，水土流失，耕地面积减少，资源耗竭速度提高，大量物种濒临灭绝等环境问题。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破坏，水土流失严重造成的。 我国政府近年来加大了环境保护方面的法制建设和资金投入，取得了一定的效果，但也存在着投入总量不足、环保效益和经济效益差等问题。在总量上，发达国家环境保护投入平均占GNP的1％－2％，我国仅占0.7％，且由于我国环保历史欠帐较多，投入总量更显不足。在效益上，由于对环境资源的过度开发和浪费缺乏有效的监督和控制，现阶段仅仅从法律监督和行政管理方面对破坏环境的行为进行控制，而没有健全、系统的量化指标把企业的环保责任和经济效益联系起来，把保护环境变为企业的自觉行为。企业还没有把环境保护作为企业生存和发展的一个必要条件，没有把环境保护作为企业扩大市场占有率、提高经济效益的重要手段，认为进行环保投入和技改得不到切实的回报，积极性较差。为提高环保投入产出率，改善环保工作的效果，确保人类社会的可持续发展，利用会计手段对环境资源和环保责任进行计量和控制，研究专门的会计方法体系是十分必要的。 1. 企业适应环境要求，提高经济效益的必由之路。 企业要实现长期生存和稳定发展，必须树立适应环境的观念，社会环境是企业生存和发展的制度基础，而自然环境则是企业生存和发展的物质基础。传统观点认为：企业必须尽可能地适应社会环境，寻求最佳投资环境、融资环境、市场环境和政策环境，才能求得长期生存和稳定发展。而从可持续发展观点看来：企业的生存和发展需要不断地从自然环境中取得资源，又要不断地将废物排放到环境中去，如果企业没有一个持续、稳定的自然环境作为物质基础，求得与自然环境的和谐共生，企业的长期生存和稳定发展只能是空谈。 现实生活中，人们的环境保护意识不断增强，越来越要求企业提供更多的绿色产品，企业立足自身经济利益，也应增强环保意识，增大环保投入，降低能源消耗，细化环保投入和产出的计量，计量取得的环境资源、负有的环保责任和发生的环境费用，确认取得的环境收益或损失。这样才能全面的衡量企业的效益状况，为企业目标的实现提供真实、可靠的信息。 2. 传统会计模式的局限性 传统会计的目标是借助会计对经济活动进行核算和监督，为经营管理提供财务信息，并考核经营责任，从而取得最大的经济效益。传统会计侧重于从人类经济活动的角度出发，着眼于对自然资源的开发利用，没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，表现为会计信息披露不充分和会计循环过程的不完整。传统会计没有将环境所带来的经济问题纳入会计研究的范围，缺乏对企业环境资源、环境责任和环境费用的计量，缺乏对企业取得的环境收益或损失的确认。传统会计没有把企业视为与环境共生的经济体，没有认识到经济运转和自然环境循环是紧密联系在一起的。认为经济循环从企业从环境中取得资源开始，到企业实现其产品，取得经济收益结束。忽视了环境对企业的影响和企业对环境的影响，忽视了环境自身的物质补偿过程和企业环境中取得资源造成的企业对环境的补偿责任。具体而言，没有将环境资源确认为资产，没有将企业应承担的环保责任确认为负债，没有将环境资本确认为所有者权益，没有确认环境收入和费用以及环境利润。导致上述问题的原因是，传统会计认为没有凝结人类一般劳动的环境资源是没有价值的，不必对之进行确认和计量。应当看到，环境资源具有社会产品具有的有效用性和稀缺性，应当并可能对其进行确认和计量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the limitations. The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new requirements. In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the environment. With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental problems. At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental problems. In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international coordination. In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the strategy. The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future generations. China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the environment. 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil erosion. In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic returns. In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only 0.7 percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more inadequate. In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious act. Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active Poor. In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is essential. 1. Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic efficiency. To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the material. The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term survival. From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty talk. In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or losses. Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable information. 2. Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic benefits. The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete . Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue recognition. Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely linked. That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic benefits. Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental liability. In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental profits. These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and measured. It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and measured.
优质会计资格证问答知识库
